Potential Essay Question

1. Potential Essay Question • Should Las Vegas be able to take more water than they were allotted from a contract. If you were one of the Senators from Nevada, would you go to Congress asking for the contract to be lifted? Discuss at your tables

2. Vocab • Carrying Capacity • Eutrophication • Clean Water Act of 1972 • Ecosystem • Barometric Pressure • Coniferous • Exothermic • Deciduous • Beijing Conference • Primordial soup • Cairo Conference • ANWR • “Blood Diamonds” • Estuary • Intertidal zone • Reproductive isolation • Upwellings • El Niňo • Heavy Water • La Niňa • Concept of Island biogeography • Carbon Neutral • Malaria • Hydrophobic • Urban sprawl • Biosphere Reserves • Even aged management • Clear cutting & Strip cutting • Surface fire and a crown fire • The Lorax • Pandemic • Dissolved Oxygen (DO) • Negative feedback loop • Positive feedback loop • Food Web • Eukaryotic • Tragedy of the Commons • Sustainable • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, • Brownfield • Heterotrophs • Chitin • Autotrophs • Ecology • 2nd Law of Thermodynamic s • Land Trusts • Deforestation • Ecological Foot print • 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Abiotic Factor

3. What are these pictures of? Explain how and why did this happened?

4. New Material • How much water is considered fresh water?

5. New Material • What is the negative impact of building a dam for hydroelectric power? • Prevents water from carrying nutrients down stream. Also, re-directs water at the cost of the ecosystem • Why was Hurricane Katrina so devastating? • Below water already, once Levees were breached the water went to the path of least resistance. Difficult to get rid of the water. • Explain the term “flood plain.” • “A nearly flat plain along the course of a stream or river that is naturally subject to flooding.”

6. New Material • Floodplain –

7. New material • Wetlands three types: • 1. Freshwater bogs

8. New material • Freshwater bogs formation

9. New material • Wetlands three types: • 2. Freshwater marsh

10. New Material • Wetlands three types: • 3. Freshwater swamp

11. New Material • Explain the purpose of wetlands? • Limnetic Zone – sunlight penetrates, great deal of life and photosynthesis • Profundal zone – Darker (but not pitch black) where sunlight cannot get through. Little plant life here, plants would have to reach up through to the Limnetic Zone to survive • Benthic zone – bottom of the pond / lake. Feels silty from decomposing leaves, sticks,… high nutrient, but low O2

12. Zone of the pond / lake

13. New material • Discuss and define the following with the use of your notes as a table: • Water table • Artesian Well • Unconfined Aquifer • Ogallala Aquifer (where is it located?) • Impact of available water due to Global Climate Change

14. New material • Consumptive versus non-consumptive use • Diagram on page 409 – explain what is happening by only

15. Lakes vary in their nutrients and oxygen • Oligotrophic lakes and ponds = have low nutrient and high oxygen conditions • Eutrophic lakes and ponds = have high nutrient and low oxygen conditions • Eventually, water bodies fill completely in through the process of succession • The largest lakes are known as inland seas • Great Lakes, The Caspian Sea

16. Water reserves • Groundwater = water beneath the surface held in pores in soil or rock • 20% of the Earth’s freshwater supply • Aquifers = porous, sponge-like formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water • Zone of aeration = pore spaces are partly filled with water. Zone of saturation = spaces are filled with water • Water table = boundary between the two zones • Recharge zone = any area where water infiltrates Earth’s surface and reaches aquifers

17. Water reserves • Aquifers

18. Aquifer • Confined (artesian) aquifer = water-bearing, porous rocks are trapped between less permeable substrate (clay) layers • Is under great pressure • Unconfined aquifer = no upper layer to confine it. Readily recharged by surface water • The Ogallala Aquifer - The world’s largest known aquifer. Underlies the Great Plains of the U.S.

19. Water around the world • Water is not equally distributed around the world. Look at deserts and then Minnesota. • Why Minnesota? • Has over 10,000 lakes. Hence why their basketball team was the Lakers. They started there and were bought and transferred to LA.

20. Bringing it close to home • 1. What is the story of the Cod Fisheries in Massachusetts? • 2. Ocean Water is vertically Structured • Water is less dense at the top than at the bottom. Cold water is heavier and saltier than warm water. So even though the bottom is extremely cold, it will not freeze. • 3. Surface water.., Vertical movement of water & Currents affects climate • Surface water absorbs heat, helping to regulate the air temperature. Currents follow warm and cold patterns. For example: Why does England rare receive snow? • 4. El Niño & La Niña (damn well better know this!)

21. Bringing it close to home • 5. Coral Reefs are treasure troves • 6. Climate change and coral reefs • 7. Salt marshes line shorelines – what is their purpose • 8. Mangroves forest line… Why so unique? • 9. Marine Pollution (include red tide & algae blooms) • Mercury, oil spills, plastic. • Run off from fertilizers can accelerate Algae blooms (aka Red Tide because of the color that the algae give off.

22. Fishing • 10. Emptying the Oceans (overfishing, fishing practices) • Factory fishing = huge vessels use powerful technologies to capture fish in huge volumes • Even processing and freezing their catches at sea • Driftnets for schools of herring, sardines, mackerel, sharks, shrimp • Longline fishing for tuna and swordfish • Trawling for pelagic fish and groundfish

23. New Material • What is the significance of the coral reefs bleaching out?

24. Review & New Material • What role do salt marshes serve? • How and why are salt marshes and mangroves threatened? • Pollution – back in the 1980’s there was a rash of medical waste wash ups.

25. Review • Over fishing, causes? • 3 types of nets? • 1. Drift nets • 2. Longline • 3. Bottom – trawling (aka trawling) • Improved nets – Remember the term ecolableing • To prevent “by the catch” (incidental fishing) the EPA required fishing trawlers to design and use turtle & dolphin safe nets.

26. New Material • Marine Protected and Marine Reserves • Protected means they allow fishing, where as Reserves do not. • If you make a living off of fishing or tourism, how would you react? • Review “Do Reserves work on pg. 454-455. What is the actual thought process behind setting up reserves? Are they better for the fishing industry? Discuss at your table

27. Bringing it home • The idea is to have this safe haven and as the that area is filled with marine life they will be forced out “spilling over”. • A “spillover effect” occurs when individuals of protected species spread outside reserves • Larvae of species protected within reserves “seed the seas” outside reserves • Once commercial trawling was stopped on Georges Bank. Populations of organisms began to recover and Fishing in adjacent waters increased

28. Bringing it home • According to the text book: • 20–50% of the ocean should be protected in no-take reserves • How large? How many? Where? • Should fishing men (and women) be Involved in the development? • Yes, because they have to live or leave with the law and they have first hand knowledge much like sustainable forestry. No one wants the industry to die out.