Mobilizing for the War

1. Mobilizing for the War 14.1

2. Converting the Economy 1940 FDR orders 50,000 warplanes built a year Asks Congress 4 billion to build �Two-Oceans� Navy Created National Defense Advisory Committee Believed business needs and incentive to build faster Cost-plus contracts More and faster they produced more they made Not cheap

3. Converting the Economy Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Made loans to companies to help convert factories

4. American Industry Gets the Job Done Factories built tanks, airplanes, trucks, and jeeps for military use, as well as safer ships. Prior to Pearl harbor many industries were still producing consumer goods

5. American Industry Gets the Job Done Tans Replace Cars Automobile industry perfect to produce war materials Built trucks, jeeps, and tanks Also produced artillery, rifles, mies, helmets, pontoon bridges, and many more Built B-24s Built 1/3 of all military equipment Building Liberty Ships Henry Kaiser Use construction ideas to build ships fast Prefabricated parts Liberty ship- cargo ship Welded instead of riveted From 244 days to 41 days Built 30% of ships

6. American Industry Gets the Job Done The War Production Board Authority to set priorities and production goal, and distributed materials Office of War Mobilization Created to settle difference between Military and WPB

7. Building an Army Minorities and women played an important role in the united states armed forces during World War II

8. Building an Army Creating an Army Prior to 1939 most were against peace time draft After France surrendered opinions changed Selective Service and Training Act- peace time draft Approved September 1940 You�re in the Army Now 60,000 men enlisted in month following pearl Harbor Short on supplies Trained with sticks, rocks, and trucks Recruits were sent to reception center Physicals, shots, and Government Issue clothes (GI) Given aptitude tests Basic training 8 weeks Broke down barriers

9. Building an ArmyA segregated Army African and white were segregated Many African Americans did not support war �Double V� Urged African Americans to join military to defeat Hitler and racism at the same time. FDR ordered that African Americans be put in combat 1941 First African American air force unit Tuskegee Airmen 200 missions no loses African American 761 Tank Battalion Did not end all segregation, but did integrate Military bases

10. Building an ArmyA segregated Army Japanese Americans were not allowed to serve at first 2nd generation did serve 100th Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team Mexican Americans Joined National Guard, served front line Most minorities were noncombat Native Americans exception 1/3 of all health Native americans served during the war

11. Women Join the Armed Forces Army enlisted women for the first time Assigning women to clerical and administrative freed more men for combat Congress appointed Oveta Culp Hobby to head Women�s Army Auxiliary Corps Women unhappy not part of regular army Changed name to Women�s Army Corps Start Women's Airforce Service Pilots Coast Guard, the navy, and marines soon add women divisions Another 68,000 women served as Nurses

12. The Early Battles 14.2

13. Holding the Line Against Japan The Japanese continued to win victories in the Pacific until the Battle of Midway Chester Nimitz Commander of Navy in Pacific Could do little to stop Japan right after Pearl harbor

14. Holding the Line Against Japan The Fall of the Philippines Philippines forces out numbered Douglas MacArthur retreated and forces held out for 3 months FDR orders retreat to Australia Remaining troops surrender and sent on march prison camp (Bataan Death March) 10,000 die The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo FDR looking to boost morale James Doolittle appointed commander to lead attack on Japan B-25s were load on aircraft carrier Hornet to bomb Tokyo. Planes were to land in China.

15. Holding the Line Against Japan Japan changes Strategy Doolittle raid could have killed Emperor (God like) Prior to attack their was disagreement on what to do Yamamoto wanted to attack Midway and destroy American Fleet Other wanted to cut supply line in New Guinea After attack all agreed to follow Yamamoto Battle of Coral Sea Code breakers in hawaii broke code on attack on New Guinea Supply line for Australia Lexington and Yorktown sent to intercept All out battle, Lexington sunk, Yorktown badly damaged but Japanese unable to land in New Guinea

16. Holding the Line Against JapanThe Battle of Midway Pearl Harbor code-breakers learned Japan planned to attack island of Midway Japanese were ambushed 38 planes shot down Aircraft carriers launched counter attack sinking 4 ships Japanese advance ends 362 Americans and 3,057 Japanese killed

17. Stopping the Germans The Allies defeated Germany in Africa and in the Battle of the Atlantic. The turning point of the war. Stalin wanted to start two front war Church not ready and instead FDR and Churchill attack periphery starting in morocco and Algeria

18. Stopping the Germans The Struggle for North Africa Experience for troops Help British in Egypt Protecting Suez Canal General Dwight D. Eisenhower Lead American in North Africa Quickly advanced to surround German Troops First battle between Americans and Germans went badly Eisenhower fires general and puts Patton in command 1 year they control N. Africa The Battle of the Atlantic American Cargoships were easy targets for uboats Convey system Warships and cargoships travel in groups Uboats unable to escape after attacking America builds more ships than they can sink New technology helps Radar, depth charges, sonar

19. Stopping the GermansThe Battle of Stalingrad Hitler Knew only way to defeat USSR was to cut off supplies Orders attack on Stalingrad Stalin Forbids retreat Germans unprepared for Russian winter Reinforcement surround city and 91,000 Germans surrender (only 5,000 survive prison camps) Each side lost 500,000 troops Put the Germans on the Defensive

20. Life on the Home Front 14.3

21. Women and Minorities Gain Ground With many men on active military duty, women and minorities found factory and other jobs open to them.

22. Women and Minorities Gain GroundWomen in the Defense Plants Prior to war married women did not work. Most working women were young, single, and worked in jobs traditionally female With shortage of men, married women were forced to go to work. Although 4 million worked for the government, the women working in the factories Rosie the Riveter Although most women left their jobs or were laid off after war, their success changed American Attitudes

23. Women and Minorities Gain GroundAfrican Americans Demand War Work A. Philip Randolph told FDR that he was organizing African Americans to march in Washington Secure jobs in national defense Integration into the military and naval forces FDR issued Executive Order 8802 �There Shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, cred, color, or national origin� Created Employment Practices Commission

24. Women and Minorities Gain GroundMexican Farmworkers Bracero Program Brought Mexican farmworkers to the Southwest to help with harvest Put many to work on railroads 200,000 workers Ran until 1964

25. A Nation on the Move Millions of Americans relocated during the war to take factory jobs or to settle in less prejudiced areas.

26. A Nation on the Move The Housing Crisis Migrating workers had no homes to live in Tent cities Hot beds Congress passed Lanham Act 1940 150 million to build housing FDR created National Housing Agency (NHA) 1.2 billion to build housing 2 million housed Not great to live in, thin walls, poor, heating, almost no privacy Racism Leads to Violence Great Migration slowed during depression, once war factories opened it began again Crowd cities in North and West suspicious and intolerant Detroit June 20, 1943 Hot day 100,000 people crowed into a park on detroit river to cool off Gangs of white and African American girls began to fight Other fights followed 25 African Americans and 9 whites died

27. A Nation on the Move Zoot Suit Riots Racism against Mexican Americans and fear of juvenile crime Zoot Suit angered Americans who were doing without for the war June 1943- Zoot Suit Riot Rumor that Zoot Suiters had attacked several sailors 2500 soldiers and sailors went into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked teens. Police did nothing, city banned Zoot Suits However, Many Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans did join the war 17 medal of honor winners.