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Beyond The Lead Sample Site Plan

Learn about the regulatory history of lead contamination control and the necessary treatment steps to ensure safe drinking water. Stay informed and take action to reduce exposure to lead.

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Beyond The Lead Sample Site Plan

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  1. Beyond The Lead Sample Site Plan J K Bunderson P.E. 4/25/18

  2. Agenda • LCR Overview • Action Level Exceedance • Corrosion Control Treatment Steps

  3. Regulatory History - 1 • 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Lead Ban • Required only lead-free materials be used in new plumbing and plumbing repairs • The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA) (1988) • Aimed at identification and reduction of lead in DW at schools and child care facilities • 1989 – Banned fixtures that were not “lead free”

  4. Regulatory History - 2 • 1991 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) • Regulation by EPA to minimize the corrosively and amount of L&C in water supplied by public water systems • 1996- further amended SDWA • endpoint devices to be incompliance with voluntary lead leaching standards

  5. Regulatory History - 3 • 1998- Plumbing fixtures that were not “lead-free” were banned from sale • 2002 and 2007 minor revisions • 2003 EPA estimated $276.8 billion and 20 years to replace all LSLs • 2011 Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act • Reduced “lead free” (pipes 0.25% weighted average with respect to wetted surfaces) • 2014 – Effective date that pipes, fittings, or fixtures installed must meet new definition of lead-free 

  6. LCRSummary • PublishedonJune7,1991 • Applies to CWS, NTNC, and consecutive systems • EstablishesMCLGsforleadandcopper • Mandatestreatmenttechniquesvs.MCL,triggered • bytapmonitoringresultsexceedingtheActionLevel Action Levels(ALs) 0.015mg/L 1.3 mg/L MCLGs 0 mg/L 1.3mg/L Lead Copper *ALExceedanceisnota violation

  7. CWS Sample Sites • CWS- three tiers of sample sites • Tier 1 (Highest Risk) • Single family homes • If lead service lines (50% of the sites) • Lead pipe • Copper pipe with lead solder after 1982 (and before lead ban 1988) • Tier 2 - Building/multi-family that meet Tier 1 criteria • Tier 3 – Single Family Homes - copper pipe with lead solder before 1983

  8. NTNCWS Sample Sites • NTNCWS- two tiers of sample sites • Tier 1 (Highest Risk) • Lead service lines or • Lead pipe • Copper pipe with lead solder after 1982 (and before lead ban 1988) • Tier 2 • Copper pipe with lead solder before 1983

  9. Minimum NumberofSamples

  10. 90th Percentile Calculations • EPA’s database automatically calculates the 90th percentile • 90% spreadsheet is on EPA’s Drinking Water Website link - https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/lcr_90th_percentile_calculator.xlsx • The Spreadsheet will Rank your samples and calculate the 90th % for you 

  11. SampleCollectionMethod • First-draw samples from kitchen or bathroom taps normally used for consumption • Minimum6-hourstandingtime • One-liter volume • System orresidentscancollect • Wide-mouth container • Do not pre-flush

  12. Consumer Notification • Consumer Notification (CN) of Lead Tap Water Results (including CN Certification Form) • Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Lead Informational Statement

  13. Lead Consumer Notice (CN) Notice must include: • Results of lead tap water monitoring • Explanation of lead health effects • Steps consumers can take to reduce exposure • Facility contact information • MCLG and AL for lead and their definitions* • Use template available on Drinking Water online * Must use CCR Rule language in §141.13(c).

  14. Consumer Confidence Reports • Systems Affected - All CWSs • All CCRs must include: • Sources of lead in drinking water • Health effects from lead exposure • Ways to reduce lead in drinking water • Recommended flushing times • Sources of further information including lead testing • Required regardless of lead sample levels

  15. Action Level Exceedance (ALE) • Exceeding the action level is not a violation Failure to perform actions after an exceedance is a violation

  16. Actions for Lead Exceedance See the Handout

  17. Action Letter

  18. Two Types of Monitoring After an Action Level Exceedance(In addition to 6 month lead & copper tap samples)

  19. WQP Monitoring Parameters

  20. WQP Monitoring Form

  21. Water Quality Parameter Monitoring • Required for all large systems (systems serving more than 50,000 people) • Required for small/medium systems that exceed the lead or copper action level • Sample site locations • Representative distribution system locations (e.g., coliforms and disinfectant residual sites) • Entry points to the distribution system • Not first draw, sample cold well flushed taps

  22. Corrosion Control Treatment Steps • Recommend type of CCT to be installed (due to EPA 6 months after the end of monitoring period exceedance) • EPA may require a CCT study • System must install CCT within 24 months of EPA concurrence of recommendation • System must conduct follow-up WQP monitoring for 2 consecutive 6 months • EPA designates Optimal Water Quality Parameters OWQP within 6 months of follow-up monitoring • System conducts ongoing WQP monitoring to show compliance with the OWQP

  23. EPA Guidance Manual https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/occtmarch2016.pdf

  24. CorrosionControl Methods • Alkalinity, pH, and DIC adjustment • Chemical - NaHCO3, CO2, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, KCO3, Na2SiO3 • Nonchemical - limestone contactor, aeration • Phosphate based corrosioninhibitors • Silicate based corrosioninhibitors • OCCT Manual • Ch 3 - Screening level CCT flowcharts • Appendix F - CCT tools

  25. Adjustmentof pH andAlkalinity • A moderateincreaseinpH andalkalinitycan decreasecorrosion • Lime • Sodaash • Sodiumbicarbonate • Causticsoda • A moderatedecreasein pHandalkalinitycan decreasescale formation • Carbondioxide • Sulfuricacid

  26. CorrosionControlStudy • EPAdiscretionfor<50,000 • EPA Region 8 typically accepts system recommendations without a study. • 18monthstocomplete • Systemmustidentifyparametersfor: • pH andalkalinityadjustment • Calciumhardnessadjustment • Corrosioninhibitors • Fullydocumenttreatmentrecommendation

  27. DesignationofOWQPs • EPA-specifiedoperatingparametersbecomecompliancemeasures • pH • Alkalinity • Calcium • Orthophosphate • Silica • EPAsetsOWQPswithin6monthsofreceivingfollow-upresults after CCT installation. See WQP Monitoring form

  28. What if CCT is Unsuccessful? • You Must Begin Lead Service Line Replacement within 1 year if CCT is not working for lead • Inventory the system for Lead Service Lines • Collect Lead Service Line Samples and Analyze • If lead concentration is over 0.015 mg/L you must begin replacing, at minimum, 7% of your Lead Service Lines per year. Sampling is required • Partial LSL replacements must be sampled

  29. Consecutive Systems • If the bulk water supplier will not install or increase Corrosion Control Treatment, you may be required to install your own • A CCT recommendation will need to be submitted to the EPA within 6 months of ALE • Other CCT steps apply

  30. Questions/ Discussion

  31. LeadandCopperRule Revisions OfficeofGroundWaterandDrinkingWater Federalism ConsultationMeeting January8,2018

  32. Purpose&Overview • Purpose: • To obtaininputfrom StateandLocalGovernment Officialson potential revisionsto keyareasof theLeadand CopperRule • Agenda: • Background ontheLeadand CopperRule(LCR) • Key areasforpotentialrulerevisions • CostInformation • Nextsteps

  33. LeadandCopperRule(LCR) • TheNational PrimaryDrinking WaterRegulationforLeadandCopperwaspromulgatedJune7,1991. • Appliesto68,000publicwatersystemsserving~300millionpeople • Leadandcopperenterdrinking watermainlyfromcorrosionofleadandcoppercontaining plumbingmaterials. • TheLCRrequireswatersystemstosample tapsandtotakeactionsincludingtreatingwater tomakeit lesscorrosivetoplumbingmaterialsthatcontainleadandcopper,educatingconsumersand replacing leadservicelines.

  34. KeyChallengeswithCurrentLCR • TheLCRis oneofthemostcomplicateddrinkingwaterregulationsfor states anddrinkingwaterutilitiesto implement. • TheLCRis theonly drinkingwaterregulationthatrequiressamplingin homes,oftenby theconsumersthemselves,withvery specificsampling proceduresthatarenotalwaysfollowed. • Thecurrentstructureoftherulecompelsadditionalprotectiveactions by watersystemsonlyafterapotentialproblemhas beenidentified;under thecurrentrule,upto10%ofsamplescanhavehighlyelevatedlevelsof leadwithnoadditionalrequirementfor actions.

  35. KeyChallengeswithCurrentLCR • Many systemshavenotfully optimizedcorrosioncontroltreatmentor havenotmaintainedoptimizedtreatment,andsmallsystemsarenot requiredtooptimizecorrosioncontrol unlessmorethan10%ofsamples exceedtheactionlevel. • Inmostcommunities,leadservicelinesarepartiallyor entirelyprivately ownedandanumberofhomeownersor renters may beunwillingor unabletoreplacetheportionofthe lineattheir home.

  36. KeyAreasforRuleRevisions • LeadServiceLineReplacement • CorrosionControlTreatment • TapSampling • PublicEducationandTransparency • Copper Requirements

  37. LeadServiceLineReplacement • CurrentRequirements • Systemsthat exceedtheleadActionLevel(AL)afterinstallingcorrosioncontroltreatment(CCT)mustreplace7%of leadservicelinesperyear(Primacycanaccelerate) • Systemsareonlyrequiredtoreplaceportionof LSLownedbyPWS • SystemsmayconsideranLSLreplacedif asamplefromthat lineisbelowtheAL • Systemsmustoffertoreplacecustomerownedportionatcustomercost • LSLR can stop when lead <=AL for 2 consec. mon. periods • Challenges • Mosthomeownershavedeclinedtheopportunitytoreplacetheirportionoftheleadserviceline. • Partialreplacementsmaybeharmful duetothedisruption oftheservicelinedislodginglead

  38. KeyQuestions • Whataretheopportunities andchallenges to stateand local governmentsif EPA were to modifythe LCRto: • Require systemstocreatean inventory ofleadservicelines • Require proactive full leadservicelinereplacementona specified schedule (e.g.,10,15,25,35years frompromulgation) • AllowpartialLSLR onlyforemergency repair or “unwilling orunable customers”whenconductinginfrastructurereplacement(e.g.,main replacement) • Require pitcherfilterstobedistributedandregularlymaintainedbythe PWSforthreemonthsimmediatelyfollowing leadservicereplacement

  39. CorrosionControlTreatment • CurrentRequirements • Systemsserving>50,000requiredto performCCT • Systemsserving≤50,000requiredto performCCT ifAL exceeded • Systemproposestreatment(orchanges)and stateapproves • Challenges • Statesandwatersystemsoftenlackneeded expertise • Somesmallsystems withleadservicelinesarenotrequiredtoperform CCT

  40. Key Questions • Whataretheopportunitiesandchallengesto stateandlocalgovernmentsif the LCRwasmodifiedto: • TargetsystemstorequiredinstallCCTdifferently: • Changethe50,000 people systemsizethreshold • RequiresystemswithLSLs(regardlessofpopulation served)toinstallandmaintainCCT • Requireproviding plumbedinPOUtreatmentdevicesfor householdswithLSLs • ChangerequirementsfordesignatingOCCTto: • Prescribeadefault CCTthat mustbemaintained • Requirethesystemtoconducta periodicre-evaluationofCCT • Requiresystemtofind andfix problemsincorrosioncontroltreatment ifatap sampleexceedsanactionlevel? 10

  41. Transparency&PublicEducation • CurrentRequirements • TheannualConsumerConfidenceReportsenttoallconsumers mustincludeleadsamplingresultsandan informationalstatementaboutthehealtheffects of leadandactionsto reduceexposure • Systemsthatexceedleadactionlevelmust beginpubliceducationwithin60days afterendofmonitoringperiod: • – Educationalmaterialsmust includeinformationonhealtheffectsof lead, sourcesof lead,and stepsconsumerscantaketoreduceexposuretolead in drinkingwater • The2016WaterInfrastructureImprovementfortheNationAct(WIIN)requiresnoticeofexceedanceofALwithin24hrs • Challenges • IntensivePEonlyoccurs aftera problemhasbeenidentified • Informationonleadindrinkingwateris confusing,particularlyresults,in comparisontotheactionlevel

  42. Key Questions • Whatdostateand local governmentsthink are the mosteffective waysforwatersystemstodelivereducational informationto consumers? • Whatopportunities/challengeswouldstateand local governmentsface ifthe LCRwas revised to require: • Watersystemsto provideon-goingtargeted outreachwitha special emphasisonallcustomers withLSLs? • Watersystemsto providenotificationto consumerswithin24 hoursof exceedingan AL(asrequiredbythe2016WIINAct)? • WaterSystemstomake informationaccessibleto consumersonresultsof alltap sampling,resultsof WQPmonitoringand thenumberandlocationsofLSLs?

  43. LCRTapSampling CurrentRequirements • Collectsamplesat residentialtapsthatareat high riskofleadcontamination • 90thPercentileresultcomparedto ActionLevels basedontreatmentfeasibility • 15ppb(µg/L)lead • 1.3ppm(mg/L) copper • Challenges • Complicatedsamplingprocedure • Proceduresarenotalwaysfollowed • Upto10%of samplescanhavehighly elevated levelsofleadwithnoadditional requirement for actions 13

  44. Whataretheopportunities/challenges for statesandlocal governmentsif the rule changedsamplingprotocolse.g.: Changingwherewatersystemsarerequiredtocollecttapsamples? At sitesbasedoncustomerrequest, At schoolsservedbythesystem, Changetheway samples arecollectedto bemorerepresentativeof exposure? Increasethenumberof samplesrequired Instructconsumerstosamplewhentheyaredrawingwaterfordrinkingor cooking. Establish a householdALthatifexceeded wouldtriggera reportto theconsumerandto thehealthagencyforfollowup? Key Questions

  45. Copper • CurrentRequirements • Coppersamplesare collectedatthe sametime and customertaps aslead samples. • The90th%valueofresultsiscomparedtothe copperAL of 1.3 ug/L. • IfthecopperAL isexceeded,watersystemsmust implementCCT.

  46. Key Questions • Whatopportunitiesandchallengeswould state andlocal governments faceifEPArevisedtheLCRto: • Establish a screentodetermineifwatersystemshavewater aggressivetocopper? • Ifwaterisaggressive,require: • monitoringand/or • publiceducationand/or • CCT. • Modifytapsamplingtorequireseparatesamplingsitesforcopper?

  47. Summary • The LCRis a compositeofmultiplerequirementsthat applytosystemsdifferently dependingonsystemsize andwater quality • The revisedLCRwouldsimilarlybringtogethermultiple key requirementsthatcouldvaryaccordingtosystem specificconditions • Oneimportantfactorinconsideringpotentialchanges totheLCRis cost. The followingslidesprovide representativeexamplesofthe costsofa few key potentialrequirements

  48. ExampleCosts • LeadServiceLineReplacement • Basedonpreliminaryestimates,replacinga full LSLwouldcostonaverage $4,700per line replaced • Costcanvarygreatlydependingonthe lengthandthe amountofpavement that mustbe restored. Costs may rangefrom$1,200- $12,300per line replaced

  49. ExampleCosts Inthis tabletotalsystemandhouseholdcapitalcostsareonetimecostsandarenotannualizedvalues. Annualizedcapitalcostwouldnormallybecalculatedovertheusefullifeofthetechnology.

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