**Evolution of DNA Technology**: Learn key milestones in genetic engineering history, from Mendel to the Human Genome Pr

1. Genetic Engineering – can be used to transfer genes for specific traits from one organism to another. The technology used in genetic engineering is called DNA technology or biotechnology.

2. DNA Technology can be used to improve crops, cure diseases, and improve life!

3. HISTORY OF DNA TECHNOLOGY 1866 – Gregor Mendel publishes, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization”

4. 1869 Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from cells for the first time and calls it “nuclein”

5. 1879 Mitosis is described by Fleming who watched chromosome behavior during animal cell division.

6. 1900 Mendel’s work is rediscovered

7. 1902- Walter Sutton states that genes exist in pairs and are located on chromosomes

8. 1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students study fruit fly chromosomes. They show that chromosomes carry genes and also discover genetic linkage.

9. 1941 Beadle and Tatum experi ment on the red mold Neurospora and show that genes act by regulating distinct chemical events.

10. 1944 Barbara McClintock, using corn as the model organism, discovers that genes can move around on chromosomes. This mobile units are called transposons or “jumping genes”

11. 1944- Avery, Macleod, and McCarty discover that genes are made of DNA which carries hereditary information

12. 1953- Using Franklin’s xrays, Crick and Watson discover the shape of the DNA molecule

13. 1955 Joe Hin Tjio defines 46 as the exact number of chromosomes in human cells.

14. 1958 Meselson and Stahl demon- strates that DNA replicates semiconservately; each strand from the parent DNA molecules ends up paired with a new strand.

15. 1961 The first screen for a metabolic defect in newborns is developed, a test for phenylketonuria.

16. 1966- it is discovered that three nucleotides determine an amino acid 1966- the genetic code is discovered

17. 1967 – Gurdon successfully clones a frog which does not mature

18. 1968 – discovery of restriction enzymes 1972 – restriction enzymes are used to cut viral and bacterial DNA, creating the first recombinant DNA mole- cules

19. 1975 Sanger and his colleagues develop rapid DNA sequen cing methods. It is the most common method used in labs today; colored dyes are used to identify each of the four bases.

20. 1978- Genentech produces human insulin using recom- binant DNA technology; it is marketed in 1982

21. 1978- Louise Brown, the first baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization, is born in Great Britain

22. 1981- the first transgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from other animals into mice and fruit flies

23. 1982 – government approval is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent frost from forming on strawberries and potatoes

24. 1983 – first baby is born using a donated egg (in Australia)

25. 1983 A genetic marker for Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4.

26. 1983 PCR is invented by Kary Mullis, a method used to amplify DNA, making billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.

27. 1985 – the first genetically engineered plants were field tested for the first time 1985 – gene therapy is approved

28. 1986 – Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered crop

29. 1989 – Alec Jeffreys coins the term “DNA Fingerprinting” and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases.

33. 1989 Repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites are used as genetic landmarks to distinguish between people. Another type of marker, sequence-tagged sites, are unique stretches of DNA that can be used to make physical maps of chromosomes.

34. 1990 – the first gene therapy experiment takes place to treat a girl with ADA Deficiency

35. 1990 – the FDA approves rennin, used in cheese, as the first genetically engineered product 1990 – the first transgenic cow is produced

36. 1990 – the Human Genome Project begins – estimated cost $13 billion

37. 1992 – the first human is born to a British couple who had the embryo screened for genetic disease prior to im- plantation in the uterus

38. 1996 The mouse genetic map is completed and since the mouse shares 85% of its genes with humans it allows it to be used to as a model to study diseases in humans.

39. 1997- the first cloned mam- mal, “Dolly” is produced from an adult sheep’s cell

40. 1998 The first genome of a multicellular organism, C. elegans, is completed.

41. 2000 -First draft of the Human Genome Project

42. 2001 – Scientists in Massa- chusetts produce the first human embryos that have been cloned for stem cell research

43. 2003 The finished human genome sequence was 99.99% accurate. It will take decades of research understand all of the information contained within the human genome.

44. What disease did the patient have who was the first recipient of gene therapy? Define or describe how the procedure is done.

45. Give two examples of genetically modified crops.

46. Name one goal of the Human Genome Project. What is the normal role of restriction enzymes inside bacterial cells?