Global Studies Regents Review

1. Global Studies Regents Review Mr. Giesler Global Studies

2. This is just a sample. The original file is over 468 slides If interested, please send me a msg.

3. Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500) • Key IDs

4. Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500) • The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago • Hunters and Gatherers • Simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood • Development of Farming • The Neolithic Revolution • Gave up their nomadic way of life • Early civilizations developed in river valleys • Developed systems of government, social structures, and belief systems • Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas mover from one culture to another • Cultural Diffusion

6. Mesopotamia • The Fertile Crescent • Tigris and Euphrates • Persian Gulf • Mediterranean • Location allowed for frequent migration and invasions • Diversity made it difficult to unite all people into a single nation • Known as the “Cradle of Civilization”

7. Mesopotamia • Sumerian Civilization • Sumer – 5000 years ago • Tigris and Euphrates • New City-States – would frequently fought against each other for water and land • Religion – polytheistic • most gods were closely tied to the forces of nature

9. China • Developed in the river valley of the Yellow River and Yangzi • Mountains, deserts, and an ocean isolate China • Believed that their civilizations was the center of the earth – The Middle Kingdom • Government 1600 BCE – The Shang people or groups of families controlled China • The Shang set up the first dynasty • Social Structures – During the Shang Dynasty, noble warriors owned the land • Merchants and craftspeople earned a living • Peasants lived in farming villages

11. Qin Dynasty 221BCE – 206BCE • Han Dynasty 206BCe – 220CE • First Emperor Dies • Led by peasant leader – took the title of GaoZu • reduced taxes • eased harsh policies of the Qin • Civil Service Exams • Based on the teachings of Confucius – spelled proper behavior, men were superior • Made paper out of pulp • Wheelbarrow • Acupuncture • Jade and Ivory carvings

12. Limited Democracy in Athens • Pericles (460BCE-429 BCE) • Direct Democracy – large number of male citizens took part in the day-to-day running of government • Women were inferior • Slaves did not participate • Athens became the cultural center of Greece • Great Thinkers, writers, and artists • Alexander the Great • Macedonia – mountain kingdom north of Greece • 300BCE, Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece • Alexander succeeds his father • Built empire, which included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India • Spread Greek culture • Hellenistic culture – blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian life • More rights and opportunities to women, who gained some political power

13. Athens Limited Democracy Laws made by assembly Males Only Trade with others Education for boys Women inferior Sparta Monarchy Military society Trade and travel not allowed Military training for boys Women obey men Women own property Language Shared heroes Olympics Same gods and religious beliefs

14. Greek and Hellenistic Contributions • An enduring legacy • Philosophy – Greek thinkers tried to use observations and reason to understand why things happened • Arts and Architecture – beauty, balance, and order. Greek paintings and statues were lifelike; building (Parthenon). Architects today still continue to use ancient Greek ideas. • Science and Math – earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun; Hippocrates studied the causes of illness and looked for cures; Pythagoras developed a formula to measure the sides of a right triangle.

15. Growth of Global Trade Routes • Classical civilizations engaged in trade with one another – exchanged goods, technologies, and culture. Cultural Diffusion!!! • Phoenician Trade – one of the earliest trading empires of the Middle East • Made up of small city-state in what is today Lebanon and Syria. • Manufactured glass from sand, dye, and created scrolls from Egyptian papyrus (paper) • Ships sailed across the Med • Most important contributions – the alphabet and system to record business transactions…the alphabet is the basis for OUR alphabet

17. Belief Systems Key IDs • Questions to consider during this section • What are the specific characteristics of the major religions and beliefs systems? • How are they the same? • How are they different? • How do they affect culture? • How did they spread from one region to another?

18. Hinduism Caste System The caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. In Next Life In This Life If good and obeys caste rules Higher Caste A Person Is born into a caste Lower Caste If bad and breaks caste rules

19. Buddhism • 500 BCE • Also in India • Founder Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha • Buddha – the Enlightened One • Sacred Text – “Three Baskets of Wisdom” • The Four Noble Truths • All life is suffering • Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions • The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire • Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

20. The Gupta Empire • India • 320 CE – 520 CE • Gave power to local leaders • United most of the India subcontinent • Promoted peace and prosperity • Hinduism played a big role • Geography • Remember the Maurya Dynasty? • Geography helped in many ways. Mountains protected from foreign invasion; Indus and Ganges Rivers provided water and fertile soil • Influence of Hinduism • The Gupta Dynasty adopted and promoted Hinduism • Affected social life of the Gupta villages through the caste system • Role of Government • Gupta emperors ruled • Gave great power to local leaders; elected by merchants and artisans • Each village, a local council made decisions • Most respected people served on the council

21. The Gupta Empire • Role of Women – Early time women served on councils; Hindu law would change this role – greater restrictions on women • Role of Hinduism • Hindu concepts dominate • Caste System • People could not change their caste in one lifetime, but….. • Life During the Gupta Empire • Village was the center • Villages ran their own affairs and faced little resistance from the central gov’t…as long as they paid their taxes • Village governed by caste rules • Higher the caste the stricter the rules; designed to keep them from being contaminated by people within the lower castes • The Untouchables – outcasts who lived harsh lives; given jobs that were considered impure such as cleaning the streets or digging graves; had to live apart from the other members of Gupta society; people who violated social norms were punished by being made Untouchable; outside the caste system;

22. Tang and Song Dynasties • The fall of the Han Dynasty, 200 CE • China was divided for 400 years • 600s, Tang Taizong, a young general established the Tang Dynasty • Ruled from 618-907 • Vast Empire • Forced Vietnam and Korea to become Tributary States • Remained independent, but had to acknowledge China’s greatness and send tribute (payment)

23. Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire • Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare • 4th Crusade (early 1200s), Western Christians took Constantinople and ruled it for 50 years • The Final Blow – The Ottoman empire , in 1453 took Constantinople (Instanbul)

24. Islam Civilizations Key IDs • The Spread of Islam • Early 600s • Arabian peninsula • Founder – Muhammad • Abu Bakr – the first Caliph; the first successor to Muhammad • Caliphate – period of time when Muslims were ruled by calpihs (unit the 900s)

25. The Spread of Islam • India • Early 700s, conquered the Indus Valley • 100s and 1100s, Turks conquered most of Northern India • By 1200, Turks created a Muslim Empire in Delhi • S.E. Asia • After the Muslims took control of India in 1200s, Islam spread into Asia • Cultural Diffusion • Islam spread through trade • Thriving trade networks established

26. Japan • Feudal Japan • Landowners and Warriors • Emperor still ruled – in name only • Powerful warrior nobles controlled the country • Shoguns – real power lay in the hands of the shoguns, or top military commanders • Europe – nobles distributed lands to vassal lords • Japan – Shoguns distribute lands to daimyo; in exchange for a promise to support the shogun with their armies • Samurai – Daimyo granted lands to lesser warriors called Samurai, “those who serve” • Bushido – strict code of conduct for the Samurai; to be loyal, brave, and honorable; ritual of suicide (seppuku)

27. Japan • Feudal Japan • Peasants and Artisans – peasants farmed the land, and artisans made the weapons for the Samurai in exchange for protection • Merchants – Usually had more wealth than the upper classes, merchants were the lowest social class. • Women – Early Feudal period, women sometimes became warriors or ran estates • Over time, status declined • Inheritance was passed to sons only • Tokugawa Shogunate • 1603, Tokugawa shogunate emerges • brings peace and stability to Japan for 300 years

28. Expansion of Chinese Trade Key IDs • Major Trade Routes • Trade routes enabled people and goods to move across Asia, Africa, and Europe • Indian Ocean – allowed easy trade between Asia and East Africa • Trading Centers emerged

31. Europe Comes Alive IDs

32. Commercial Revolution • 1000 -1300 • Expansion of trade and the growth of cities brought new ways of thinking and doing business • Money grew in importance • New social class emerged • Urban Centers based on trade gave new power to a rising new class – middle class • middle class – merchants, traders, and artisans • Middle – ranked between the older feudal classes of nobles and peasants • Guilds – trade associations emerge • Checked of quality of goods • hospitals and aid to widows and children • Regulated hours of work and price of goods • Apprentices – training of new artisans

33. The Renaissance and Humanism • 1300s – 1500s • A period of great creativity and change in Europe • Renaissance = Rebirth • Golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences • Began in Italy in the mid-1300s and then spread northward • Why Italy? Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing. • Merchants had new-found wealth and were willing to use it to promote the arts and education

34. The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine Chapel

35. di Vinci

36. Reformation and Counter-Reformation • John Calvin – another reformer • Like Luther, believed that people could only reach heaven through faith • Predestination – belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation • Calvinists lived a strict, disciplined, and frugal lives

37. The Protestant Reformation

38. Kings Increase Their Power Kings of England Kings of France • Add to their lands • Set up organized government • Collect Taxes • Create a royal treasury • Set up royal courts and royal law • Decide who can build castles and where • Force vassals to obey the King • Establish common law so that all people are treated the same • Collect records of who owns land • Make throne hereditary • Becomes allies with the Church • Organize army • Take French lands from English king

39. Mesoamerica • Key Ids • Geography • Ice Age – resulted in a land bridge between Siberian and Alaska • Paleolithic Era • Nomads (hunters) in Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into North America • Nomads migrated east and south

40. Aztecs • Late 1200s • Migrated from the north into the Valley of Mexico • Fierce warriors • Used conquests and alliances to build a large empire • Tenochtitlan (capital) – city with temples, palaces, gardens, and zoos • Aztec Expansion • Early 1400s, formed alliances with neighboring states • Military conquests over hundreds of smaller states • Each conquered state was given and Aztec governor • wealthy from tributes • By 1500, Aztec empire covered most of Mexico; 30M people

42. Terraces

43. Zheng He Expeditions

45. Exploration • Reasons to Explore • Ottoman Empire interference • 1400s, seek new routes to the Asian spices • Italian and Muslims merchants controlled the routes between Asia and Europe • Muslims bring goods to the Med and the Italians brought it the rest of the way – it became very expensive – time to cut out the middleman • Time to look for new oceanic routes

46. Exploration • Early Exploration • Africa to Asia • 1415, Henry the Navigator (son of Portuguese king), fleet of ships that explored the coast of W Africa • 1488, Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern Africa) • da Gama follows Dias route, across the Indian Ocean • Lost half his ships • Returned home with Asian spices • Established a successful trade route and would expand their empire • 1492, Columbus reaches the Americas • 1493, Spain and Portugal claim land in the Americas • Imperialism – compete for colonies in the Americas

47. Exploration • Imperialism • The Dutch Spain, England, and France • By the 1700s, England and France became competing forces in the Asian trade network, concentrating in India • Mughal Rulers (India) weak and civil wars lead to British and French East India Companies making alliances with local rulers. • Each organized their own army of sepoys, (Indian Troops) • 1750s, British East India Company and sepoys push the French out • Forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes • Would become the real power in the region

48. Exploration • The Spanish Empire • Religion – Catholic Church – spread Christianity • Encomienda System – Spanish law allowed the colonies to only trade with Spain; Under this system, a conquistador, was granted land along with permission to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans • Culture – Colonies developed a new culture that combined European, Native American, and African traditions…everything was affected (art, literature, life)

49. Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment • Key IDs • New Ideas – Middle Ages, scholars believed the earth was the center of the universe. This idea came from Roman-Greco thinking and the teachings of the Church.

50. Rise of Napoleon • 1799, popular general • Napoleon helped overthrow the Directory in a coup d’etat, or revolt by military leaders • He helped organize a new gov’t and put himself in charge • Three years later, he took the title of Emperor of the French • Had absolute power • French people, hoping for stability, supported Napoleon • Reforms by Napoleon • Economy – controlled prices new industry, and infrastructure • Education – public education system • Napoleonic Code – enlightened ideals and religious toleration