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Punctuation: Commas, semi-colons and colons

Punctuation: Commas, semi-colons and colons. http://www.wordle.net/. Sentence structure. All sentences have at least 2 elements: Rain falls. Most sentences have a subject and predicate that contains additional information: Rain falls on the ground. Subject. Predicate. Subject.

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Punctuation: Commas, semi-colons and colons

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  1. Punctuation: Commas, semi-colons and colons http://www.wordle.net/

  2. Sentence structure All sentences have at least 2 elements: Rain falls.Most sentences have a subject and predicate that contains additional information: Rain falls on the ground. Subject Predicate Subject Predicate

  3. Clauses There are 2 types of clauses: The rain fell on the ground (IC), which made puddles form (DC). Independent clause: An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate, and it can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clause: A dependent clause may contain a subject and a predicate; it needs an independent clause to make sense.

  4. Clauses example Once upon a time, a princess kissed a frog. The frog was green and ugly, but the princess didn’t care. The princess knew, better than most, that people shouldn’t judge appearances. She had a secret, which only her parents knew: she was actually an enchanted frog. As for the frog, hethought it was a bit strange for a princess to kiss him; however, he wasn’t about to stop her as he had also heard the stories. Independent clause Dependent clause

  5. Joining clauses • To join 2 independent clauses (IC), use a coordinating conjunction (CC: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). • IC, CC IC.: The frog was green and very ugly, butthe princess didn’t care. • To join an independent clause (IC) and a dependent clause (DC), use a subordinate clause (SC: which, because, as, since, so, although, though, whereas, while, after). • IC, SCDC.: She had a secret, which only her parents knew.

  6. Punctuation: Comma Use a comma: • to join 2 independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so). Place the comma before the conjunction. • IC,CC IC.: The frog was green and ugly,butthe princess didn’t care. • after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause. • DC,IC.: Once upon a time,a princess kissed a frog.

  7. Punctuation: Comma Use a comma: • to separate non-essential elements from a sentence • IC,DC, continued IC.: The princess knew,better than most,that people shouldn’t judge appearances. • after a transition (TR) • IC; TR, IC.: The frog thought it was a bit strange for a princess to kiss him; however,he wasn’t about to stop her as he had also heard the stories.

  8. Punctuation: Comma Use a comma: • to separate elements in a series • My favourite shirts are red, blue, yellow, and green. • Use the serial comma, which comes after the second-to-last list item and before the ‘and’. • Other comma usages: • between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible) • with quoted words (The teacher said, “what are you doing?”) • in a date (Thursday,March 29, 2007) • in a number (10,000) • in a personal title (Ima Student, M.A.) • between a city and provincial/state name (Victoria,B.C.)

  9. Punctuation: Semi-colon Use a semicolon to: • join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first clause or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. • IC; IC.: Research is fundamental;theories advance knowledge. • join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas • Major cities in Canada include: Vancouver, British Columbia; Calgary, Alberta; and Toronto, Ontario.

  10. Punctuation: Semi-colon Use a semicolon to: • join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (CA)* or a transition (TR)** . • IC;CA/TR, IC.: The capital city of British Columbia is Victoria;however,somepeople think it should be Vancouver. * Conjunctive adverb: however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise ** Transition: in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so

  11. Punctuation: Colon Use a colon: • to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause • IC: IC.: The rain caused considerable flooding in British Columbia:Highways 1, 1A, 2 and 4 were all closed for five days after the storm. • after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, or other idea directly related to the independent clause. • There are six colours in a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.

  12. Punctuation cheat sheet Punctuation Cheat Sheet

  13. Questions? • Drop by the Writing Centre in the Library • Office hours: 10-5, Monday to Friday • By phone: (250) 391-2600, ext. 4353 • Email: writingcentre@royalroads.ca

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