Earth Science Week 25

1. Earth ScienceWeek 25 Meteorology

2. Tuesday Warm Up (123) • What is air?

3. Meteorology Pre-Test • 1. Which of the following is true? • A. Water absorbs and releases heat more quickly than land does. • B. Water absorbs heat more quickly and releases heat more slowly than land does. • C. Water absorbs and releases heat more slowly than land does. • D. Water absorbs heat more slowly and releases heat more quickly than land does.

4. 2. At which of the following latitudes would you expect to find the warmest average temperatures each year? • A. 10 degrees N • B. 23 degrees N • C. 15 degrees S • D. 37 degrees S

5. 3. Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect Georgia’s climate? • A. Earth’s tilt • B. maritime polar air masses • C. the Atlantic Ocean • D. maritime tropical air masses

6. 4. Which of the following statements about warm air masses is correct? • A. They have higher pressure than cold air masses. • B. They move over cold air masses at warm fronts. • C. They are denser overall than cold air masses. • D. They move under cold air masses at cold fronts.

7. 5. In what direction are the global winds blowing in most of the continental United States? • A. to the northeast • B. to the southwest • C. to the northwest • D. to the southeast

8. 6. At which of the following latitudes would you expect to find the lowest air pressure? • A. 15 degrees N • B. 30 degrees N • C. 45 degrees S • D. 60 degrees S

9. 7. It is a hot, humid summer day. What kind of change in weather conditions would be MOST likely to cause a tornado? • A. a decrease in pressure • B. an increase in temperature • C. a warm front • D. a cold wind

10. 8. At which of following latitudes would a hurricane be MOST likely to develop? • A. 12 degrees N • B. 52 degrees N • C. 28 degrees S • D. 44 degrees S

11. 9. Which of the following is MOST similar in structure to a hurricane? • A. a thunderstorm • B. a tornado • C. a cold front • D. a warm front

12. 10. A hurricane gains energy as water vapor • A. evaporates • B. condenses • C. rises • D. freezes

13. Standard S6E4a • Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat at different rates and explain the resulting affects on weather patterns.

14. Standard S6E4.b • Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to form large global wind systems and weather events such as tornadoes and thunderstorms.

15. Standard S6E4.c • Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affects the weather patterns and weather events such as hurricanes.

16. Layers of the atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Ionosphere

17. Troposphere • Lowest layer • 7 to 20 km thick • Next to Earth’s surface • Densest layer • Contains 90% of total mass of atmosphere • Where weather occurs • Temperature decreases with altitude

18. Stratosphere • Home of the Ozone layer • Gases are layers, do not mix much • Air is very thin and contains little moisture • Lower layer very cold: -60 degrees C • Temperature rises with altitude • Top is at 50 km

19. Mesosphere • Middle layer • 50 km to 85 km above Earth’s surface • Coldest layer: -93 degrees C at top • Temperature decreases as altitude increases

20. Thermosphere • Upper layer • From 85 – 90 km to 500 – 1000 km • Temperature increases with altitude • 1000 degrees C • Does not feel hot, temperature is average movement of particles in motion. Not enough particles to collide and cause energy transfer. • Space shuttle and ISS orbit in thermosphere

21. Ionosphere • Home of auroras • Part of thermosphere • Gas particles are electrically charged – ions • Reflects AM radio waves

22. Exosphere • Above thermosphere • Atoms and molecules escape to space

23. Atmosphere Layer Diagram • Create a line graph showing change in temperature as altitude increases through layers. • Add a second line graph showing change in air pressure as altitude increases through layers. • See page 450 in textbook.

24. Wednesday Warm Up (123) • Describe air pressure.

25. Atmosphere Layer Diagram • Create a line graph showing change in temperature as altitude increases through layers. • Add a second line graph showing change in air pressure as altitude increases through layers. • See page 450 in textbook.

26. Thursday Warm Up (123) • Why is the Earth warm enough to support life? • Why is the Earth cool enough to support life?

27. Atmospheric Heating • Radiation: transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. • The sun radiates energy to earth

28. Conduction • Heat transfer by direct contact • Air molecules come into contact with warm surface of Earth and transfer energy to the atmosphere.

29. Convection • Transfer of heat by circulation of a liquid or gas. • Air is heated, becomes less dense and rises. • Cool air is denser and sinks. • Cool air is then heated by Earth’s surface and begin to rise again. • Convection current.

30. What happens to energy from sun? • 25% is scattered and reflected by clouds and air. • 20% is absorbed by ozone, clouds, and atmospheric gases. • 50% is absorbed by Earth’s surface. • 5% is reflected by Earth’s surface.

31. Greenhouse effect • Sun sends down short wave energy • Earth re-radiates as thermal (long wave) energy. • Water vapor and carbon dioxide trap thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth.

32. Global Warming • If more energy comes in from sun than is re-radiated out to space, the globe will become warmer. • One hypothesis is that human activities that release carbon dioxide, such as burning fossil fuels, causes global warming. • Another hypothesis is that earth goes through periods of warming and cooling due to activity of the Sun, changes in tilt and magnetic field that also cause global climate change.

33. Assignment • Section Review p. 457

34. Friday Warm Up (123) • What is wind? • What causes wind?

35. Wind • Movement of air caused by differences in air pressure.

36. Global Winds • Unequal heating of Earth causes differences in air pressure. • Equator gets more direct sunlight, air is warmer and less dense and rises. Low pressure at equator • Poles get less direct sunlight, air is colder, more dense and sinks. High pressure around poles.

37. Pressure belts • Bands of high and low pressure about every 30 degrees of latitude. • High pressure belts near 30 degrees N and S of equator. • Low pressure belts near 60 degrees N and S latitude.

38. Coriolis effect • Apparent curving of wind and ocean currents due to Earth’s rotation. • Northern hemisphere winds traveling north curve East and winds traveling south curve west.

39. Polar Easterlies • Wind belts from poles to 60 degrees latitude. • Carry cold arctic air over the United States producing snow and freezing weather.

40. Westerlies • Wind belts between 30 degrees and 60 degrees latitude N and S. • Flow toward poles from west to east. • Carry moist air over US producing rain and snow.

41. Trade Winds • Winds that blow from 30 degrees latitude almost to the equator. • Curve to west in Northern hemisphere and east in Southern hemisphere.

42. Doldrums • Trade winds meet around equator. • Little wind because warm, rising air causes low pressure.

43. Horse Latitudes • 30 degrees north and south latitudes • Sinking air causes high pressure • Weak winds

44. Jet Streams • Narrow belts of high speed winds that blow in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere • Up to 400 km/hr • Affect movement of storms • Affect speed of aircraft

45. Sea Breezes • Blow toward land in day because air over water is cooler and sinks (high pressure) and air over land is warmer and rises (low pressure). • Wind moves from high to low pressure

46. Land Breezes • Blow toward water at night • Air over water is warmer at night and rises forming an area of low pressure. • Air over land is cooler and forms an area of high pressure. • Wind blows from area of high to area of low pressure.