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Understanding Human Biology: Exercise and Respiration | Anatomy Insights

Explore the functions of blood, heart, and muscles in human biology with a focus on exercise, respiration, and the cardiovascular system. Understand the vital roles of oxygen, sugar, and the circulatory system in maintaining health and vitality. Learn about the heart's structure, blood circulation, and the impact of regular exercise on reducing risks of heart diseases. Discover how muscles, joints, and bones work together to facilitate movement and support the body.

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Understanding Human Biology: Exercise and Respiration | Anatomy Insights

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  1. Staying Alive S2 Biology Madras College

  2. Exercise • When you exercise, your heart beats faster and you breathe quicker and more deeply. • This provides your muscles with more oxygen and sugar from your blood.

  3. Respiration • The Oxygen and Sugar are needed by your muscle cells for RESPIRATION. Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY

  4. Blood • The main jobs of the blood are: • Transport Oxygen and Food to your body cells. • Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Waste Chemicals from your cells. • Protection from Disease.

  5. Composition of Blood Plasma – Liquid part of blood. Contains cells and dissolved substances. Red Blood Cell – Contain Haemoglobin and carry Oxygen. Platelets –Help blood to clot. White Blood Cell – Helps destroy infecting germs.

  6. Blood Groups There are 4 Blood Groups A,B,AB and O. People from different parts of the world may have different blood groups to us. Global distribution of Blood Groups

  7. The Heart • The heart is made of muscle and pumps blood around your body. • There are 2 chambers on each side of the heart (4 in total). Oxygenated Blood Deoxygenated Blood Pulmonary Vein Vena Cava Right Atrium Left Atrium Lungs Body cells Carbon Dioxide enters lungs. Oxygen enters blood Oxygen enters cells. Carbon Dioxide enters blood. Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Aorta

  8. Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Detail of the Heart Pulmonary Artery Aorta Semi-Lunar Valves Vena Cava Pulmonary Vein Atrioventricular Valve Cardiac Muscle – Left Ventricle more muscular. Pumps blood to whole body.

  9. Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Oxygenated blood Ventricles contract and pump blood into Arteries Deoxygenated Blood Atria fill with blood from Veins. Atria contract and pump blood down into Ventricles

  10. Heart Beat • You can listen to your heart beat with a stethoscope.

  11. Blood Vessels • There are 3 types of blood vessel. • These are Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. Artery Veins Capillary Thick muscular wall. Carry blood AWAY from heart. Blood under HIGH PRESSURE. Thin walls. Carry blood TO the heart. Blood under LOW PRESSURE. Have VALVES. Walls ONE CELL thick. Substances exchanged between BLOOD and CELLS. Deliver blood to ALL BODY CELLS.

  12. Coronary Heart Disease The Coronary Arteries deliver blood to your heart muscle. They can sometimes become blocked by fatty substances (eg. Cholesterol). The blockage is sometimes called a Plaque. They can cause heart attacks. A healthy diet and regular exercise can reduce the risk of these plaques appearing.

  13. Heart Attack Risks Causes of heart attacks are written inside the heart. Good advice is written outside. Remember: A B C

  14. Skull The Skeleton Jawbone Clavicle Sternum Humerus • The human Skeleton does 3 main jobs: • Provides support . • Provides a place for muscles to attach and so allows movement. • Protects vital inner organs. Rib Backbone Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Knee cap Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

  15. Joints • Joints allow our bodies to move. • They are found where bones meet. • There are several types of joint in the body. • The two we learn about are: • HINGE JOINT. • BALL AND SOCKET JOINT.

  16. Hinge Joint • Hinge joints (eg. Finger, knee, elbow) only move in 1 direction Up and Down

  17. Ball and Socket Joint • These joints (eg. Hip, Shoulder joint) can move in many directions

  18. The Synovial Joint Bone Ligament – holds the joint together. Synovial Membrane – produces synovial fluid. Synovial Fluid – lubricates the synovial joint. Cartilage – allows smooth movement of bones and acts as a shock absorber. Bone

  19. Muscles • Your muscles are attached to your bones byTENDONS. • Your muscles provide the force to move your bones at the joints. • This allows your body to move.

  20. Contracting and Relaxing • Muscles can only.. • CONTRACT – Become shorter. • RELAX – Become longer. RELAX CONTRACT

  21. Biceps relax. Triceps contract. Arm lowered. BICEPS Biceps contract. Triceps relax. Arm raised. BICEPS TRICEPS TRICEPS Antagonistic Muscles Muscles work in pairs. Eg. BICEPS and TRICEPS in the upper arm. When one contracts, the other relaxes. Muscles which work this way are ANTAGONISTIC.

  22. BICEPS EFFORT LOAD 1 Kg PIVOT • Muscles and Bones work like LEVERS.

  23. BONE LIGAMENTS MUSCLE TENDONS BONE BONE Tendons and Ligaments TENDONS join MUSCLE to BONE. LIGAMENTS join BONE to BONE.

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