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Invertebrates

Explore the diverse phyla of invertebrates, their anatomy, and reproductive strategies. Learn about the body structures and unique adaptations of organisms such as sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, rotifers, lophophorates, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods, and echinoderms.

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Invertebrates

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  1. Invertebrates AP Biology Crosby High School

  2. Parazoa: Phylum Porifera • Spongocoel: draws water into cavity • Osculum: Water flows out • Suspension Feeders • Flagellated choanocytes (collar cells) • Two layered body, separated by mesohyl • Amoebocytes • Hermaphroditic Reproduction

  3. Radiata • Phylum Cnidaria (radial, gastrovascular, cnidocytes) • Body Plan • Polyp • Medusa • Carnivores that capture prey w/ tentacles • Class Hydrozoa • Class Scyphozoa • Class Anthozoa • Phylum Ctenophora • Comb jellies w/ adhesive colloblasts to catch prey

  4. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa • Phylum Platyhelminthes • Class Turbellaria (Planarians) • Free – living marine carnivores • Flat body allow for water intake, branched gastro. • Ventral cilia and cephalized eyespots • Classes Monogenea an Trematoda • Parasites w/ suckers (flukes) • Many trematodes require separate larval host • Class Cestoidea • Mostly in vertebrate intestines • Posterior to scolex are series of Proglottids

  5. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa • Phylum Rotifera (pseudocoel. w/ jaws, crowns of cilia and complete digestion) • Separate mouth and anus • Fluid – filled body cavity for circulation • Rotifer “wheel-bearer” (wheel of cilia) • Pharynx bearing jaws (trophi) • Unusual reproduction through Parthogenesis

  6. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa • Lophophorate Phyla: coelomates w/ ciliated tentacles • Lophophore: Horseshoe-shaped w/ cilia tentacles • Bryozoans: colonial encased in hard exoskeleton w/ pores • Phoronoids: tube-dwelling marine worms • Brachiopods: “Lamp Shells”

  7. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa • Phylum Nemertea: • Named for prey-capturing apparatus • Proboscis or Ribbon Worm • Complete digestive tract • Closed circulatory system

  8. Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa • Phylum Mollusca (muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle) • Body Plan • Foot • Visceral Mass • Mantle • Mantle cavity • Radula • Soft-bodied usually protected by CaCO3 shell

  9. Phylum Mollusca • Class Polyplacohpora • Chitons: marine w/ oval shapes • Shells have 8 dorsal plates • Class Gastropoda (Snails, slugs) • Torsion: contraction that locates anus and mantle cavity above the head • Protected by a spiralled shell • Most grazers, some predators

  10. Phylum Mollusca • Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels) • Shells divided into two halves • Hinged at mid-dorsal line with powerful adductor muscles • Foot extension to anchor or dig • Filter feeders through gills • Class Cephalopoda • Reduced or missing shells • Only mollusks w/ closed circulatory system • Well developed nervous system w/ complex brain

  11. Phylum Annelida • Coelom partitioned by septa • Digestive tract • Pharynx • Esophagus • Crop • Gizzard • Intestine • Blood vessels • Nerve cords run uninterrupted

  12. Phylum Annelida • Metanephridia • Pair of Cerebral Ganglia • Some reproduce asexually • Class Oligochaeta (earthworms) • Hermaphrodites • Extract nutrients from the soil • Excess extreted as castings

  13. Phylum Annelida • Class Polychaeta • Each segment has parapodia • “feet” have many blood vessels and act as gills • Class Hirudinea (leeches) • Annelid development • Coelom • Segmentation: specialization

  14. Phylum Nematoda • Ecdysozoan Roundworms • Nonsegmented, pseudocoelomates • Tough cuticle exoskeleton • Sexual Reproduction • Longitudinal muscles • Complete digestion • No circulatory system

  15. Phylum Arthropodia • Many specialized appendages • Cuticle exoskeleton • Molting leaves them vulnerable • Well-developed sensory organs • Extensive Cephalization • Open circulatory system

  16. Arthropods • Trilobites: extinct • Spiders and other Chelicerates • Anterior Cephalothorax & Posterior Abdomen • Specialized appendages • Most are Arachnids • Book Lungs: gas exchange • Spinnerets • 6 pairs of appendages

  17. Arthropods • Uniramians • Millipede: Diplopoda • Centpede: Chilopoda • Insects • Complete digestive system • Open circulatory system • Malpighian tubules • Gas exchange: Tracheal system • Spiracles • Cerebral Ganglia • Sexual reproduction

  18. Arthropods • Custaceans • Regenerate appendages • Open circulatory system • Sexual reproduction • Isopods: pillbugs • Copepods: plankton • Decapods: Larger • Barnacles

  19. Deuterostomia • Phylum Ehcinodermata • Spiny skin • Water Vascular System • Appear Radial, but are Bilateral • Class Asteroidea • Sea Star • Tube feet • Digests • Regeneration

  20. Echinodermata • Class Ophiuroidea: (Brittle star) • Suspension, predator or scavenger • No suckers • Class Ehinoidea: (sea urchin) • Class Crinoidea: (sea lilies, feather star) • Arms used for suspension feeders • Class Holothuroidea: (sea cucumber)

  21. Echinodermata

  22. Echinodermata

  23. Crustaceans

  24. Insect Anatomy

  25. Arthropod

  26. Trilobite

  27. Arachnid Anatomy

  28. Annelid Body Structure

  29. Cephalopods

  30. Bivalves

  31. Gastropods

  32. Chiton

  33. Lophophorate Phyla

  34. Rotifer

  35. Tapeworm

  36. Flukes

  37. Planarians

  38. Hydrozoa

  39. Phylum Cnidaria

  40. Body Plan

  41. Porifera

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