400 likes | 595 Views
Introduction. Air Pollution has been around a long time.Roman philosopher, Seneca, wrote of the heavy air of Rome in 61 AD.Edward I of England banned the burning of sea coal in craftsman's furnaces be prohibited because of foul smelling fumes, 1306.Elizabeth I of England banned the burning of co
E N D
1. A Short History of Air Pollution William F. Hunt, Jr.
2. Introduction Air Pollution has been around a long time.
Roman philosopher, Seneca, wrote of the heavy air of Rome in 61 AD.
Edward I of England banned the burning of sea coal in craftsmans furnaces be prohibited because of foul smelling fumes, 1306.
Elizabeth I of England banned the burning of coal while Parliament was in session.
3. Air Pollution Episodes Meuse Valley (Belgium) - 1930
Donora, PA - 1948
Poza Rica (Mexico) - 1950
London - 1952
New York - 1953 to 1966
Bhopal (India) - 1984
4. Russian Fires, Summer 2010
5. Some Systems of the Human Body Effected Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Skin and eyes
Other
6. Examples of Health Effects on Respiratory System Bronchitis (acute and chronic)
Pulmonary emphysema
Lung cancer
pneumoconiosis
cough
chest pain
7. Examples of Health Effects from Air Toxics Cancer
Respiratory irritation.
Reproductive toxicity
Developmental effects
Pulmonary toxicity
Liver toxicity
8. Changes in Society and the Economy Population growth
Industrialization
Growth and distribution of wealth
Changing social attitudes
Environmental activism
9. Local Control Initiatives 1661 - London, smoke control
1880s - Chicago and Cincinnati, municipal regulation of smoke emissions
1940s - Pittsburgh, public protest against smoke; changes in fuels, combustion practices
1980s - Denver, Metropolitan Air Quality Council
10. State Control Initiatives 1940s - California and LA County study causes and effects of smog
1952 - Oregon: first state air pollution control agency
1980s - growth of state air toxic programs
1990s Regional Approaches NOx SIP Call
11. Federal Research and studies
Need for National perspective - pollution respects no State borders
USEPA established in 1970
12. Major Legislative Landmarks Air Pollution Control Act - 1955
Clean Air Act - 1963
Air Quality Act -1967
Clean Air Act - 1970
Amendments to CAA - 1977
Amendments to CAA - 1990
13. Clean Air Act of 1970 USEPA
Air Quality Management
NAAQS
SIPs
NESHAP/NSPS
Citizen Lawsuits
14. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 Nonattainment
PSD
Strengthened mobile source provisions
Visibility/Stratospheric Ozone
15. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Major change in approach to attainment/nonattainment
Overhaul of hazardous air pollutants
Market based incentives
Enhanced ozone monitoring - PAMS
16. Criteria Pollutants Regulated under NAAQS
Ubiquitous
Health-based standards
Standards apply to all States equally
SIPs
17. Criteria Pollutants Particulate Matter
Lead
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone (ground level)
18. Hazardous Air Pollutants Any of 189 chemicals and compound groups listed in CAAA of 1990 as hazardous air pollutants
List can be revised as new substances are found
19. Some Hazardous Air Pollutants Asbestos
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chloroform
Formaldehyde Heptachlor
Hydrochloric Acid
Mercury
Methanol
Phenol
Toluene
20. Environmental Effects of Air Pollution Ecosystem effects
Property damage
Quality-of-life effects
Global climate change
21. Ecosystem Effects Acidification of lakes and stream
Wildlife
Aquatic life
Population of endangered species
Vegetation Damage (forests, crops, ornamental plants)
Other natural resource damage
22. Property Damage Acid rain: damaged buildings, ornamental plants, etc.
Ozone: causes cracking of rubber, nylon, polymer plastics, etc.
Particulate matter: causes soiling
Sulfur dioxide: causes deterioration of metal and stone
23. Quality-of-Life Effects Reduced visibility - acid rain and smog
Reduced enjoyment of outdoors
Added work - cleaning of soiled property
Detrimental economic effects - damaged cash crops
24. Visibility
25. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments Network (IMPROVE)
26. Visibility Trends
27. Global Climate Change
28. Global Temperature Changes, 1880-2000 Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century. The 20th century's 10 warmest years all occurred in the last 15 years of the century.
30. UN Reports from theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
31. Temperature Reconstruction Historical Records
Tree Rings (yr/season)
Lake Sediments (yr)
Corals (yr)
Ice Cores (yr)
Pollen (20 yrs)
Others (100-500 yrs)
32. UN Reports from theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
33. 2001 UN Report from the IPCC(Wegman Review for U.S. House Committee on Energy & Commerce) Mann et al. misused statistical methods.
Problem with Peer Review Process.
Researchers not interacting with statistical community.
Authors of policy-related science assessments should not assess their own work.
Should involve interdisciplinary teams.
36. Air Emissions Trends - Continued Progress Through 2009http://epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrends.html#comparison
37. Modeling Uncertainty
38. Modeling Uncertainty - Fay - 8-18-08
39. Modeling Uncertainty - GUSTAV 8/26/08
40. Modeling Uncertainty Irene 8-25-11