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Memory Processes

Memory Processes. What roles does memory serve? How do those memory processes affect what we remember?. Functions of memory. Encoding - How do we convert information from sensory energy into a usable representation? Storage - How is information retained?

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Memory Processes

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  1. Memory Processes What roles does memory serve? How do those memory processes affect what we remember?

  2. Functions of memory • Encoding - How do we convert information from sensory energy into a usable representation? • Storage - How is information retained? • Retrieval - How do we get information back?

  3. Interference Theory Two types of memory interference: - Retroactive: Learning a later item interferes with an item we learned earlier. - Proactive: Learning an early item interferes with learning of a later item. Why does interference happen? What does it say about encoding?

  4. Retroactive interference and the phonological loop • Conrad (1964): Errors recalling visually presented letters are more likely to be a substitution of acoustically similar letters (I.e. P for B, F for S, etc.) • Baddeley (1966): Recall of a list of acoustically similar words is worse than recall of acoustically distinct words.

  5. Retrieval • How accurate is memory retrieval? • Loftus’s car accident video • Depending on the verb used, people reported different speeds: • Smashed: 40.8 mph • Collided: 39.3 • Bumped: 38.1 • Hit: 34 • Contacted: 31.8 • People also differentially remembered broken glass based on the verb (N=50 in each group): • Smashed: 16 yes, 34 no • Hit: 7 yes, 43 no • No question: 6 yes, 44 no. • Loftus’s “Lost in the Mall” study.

  6. Structures that affect retrieval • Schema - Memory structure that organizes information about static situations • Script - Memory structure that organizes information about dynamic situations

  7. Schemas • Broad term that encompasses a number of different ways of organizing information. • In its simplest form - A way of representing the “typical” something. • e.g., the dog schema, the office schema, the bathroom schema, etc.

  8. Scripts • Scripts are very similar to schemas, but they are used to store generic versions of common episodes. • e.g., the restaurant script

  9. Constructed Memory • Is memory just a videotape, playing back what we actually remember? • Or do we construct it, based partly on events, but also based on expectations and beliefs? • In other words, does memory work bottom-up or top-down?

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