Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny 1800-1850

2. Manifest Destiny Section 1 Migrating to the West What were the causes of westward migrations?

3. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny – the belief that America was destined to stretch across continent. • This suggested that expansion was not only good but bound to happen. • Popular among many for different reasons • Southern expansionists & Northern abolitionists saw opportunities to expand their power in Congress • Manifest Destiny became a gov’t policy under James K. Polk (11th president)

4. Manifest Destiny • Expansion came at the expense of Indians and Mexicans • “Manifest Destiny” mentioned in an 1845 newspaper editorial: • “The American claim is by the right to our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and . . . self-government entrusted to us.” -John L. O’Sullivan - New York Morning News - December 27, 1845

5. Lady Liberty “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872 “Star of Empire” Carries a schoolbook… …and telegraph wire Buffalo & Indians are driven into obscurity… “The tools of progress” …as settlers move westward

6. Americans Look Westward • 1821 – Revolution overturned Spanish rule in Mexico, U.S. recognized Mexico as a republic • American expansionists – those who favored U.S. territorial growth – looked at Texas, New Mexico, California as targets for American expansion • Few people living there • Rich in resources • Mexican government and economy weak after revolution • Mexicans did not deserve to keep territory Americans needed

7. A US Territorial Expansion When? A - 13 Original Colonies • 1776 From Where? • Great Britain Why? • US declared independence from Great Britain

8. US Territorial Expansion When? B - Western Lands • 1783 From Where? • Great Britain Why? • Part of results of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War) A B

9. US Territorial Expansion When? C - LouisianaPurchase • 1803 From Where? • France Why? • Napoleon needed $ • Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans • He got all of this instead! A C B

10. US Territorial Expansion When? D - Florida • 1819 From Where? • Spain A Why? C B • Andrew Jackson invaded • Spain then sold it to us for $5 million D

11. US Territorial Expansion When? E - Texas • 1845 From Where? • Republic of Texas (Independent Country) A C B Why? • Texas independent from Mexico in 1836 • Northerners feared it would become a slave state • Fears finally overcome in 1844 Presidential election E D

12. US Territorial Expansion When? F - Oregon Territory • 1846 From Where? • Great Britain F A Why? C B • Claimed by four countries (G. Britain, Russia, Spain, & US) • Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!” • Britain compromised 49° & US accepted E D

13. US Territorial Expansion When? G - Mexican Cession • 1848 From Where? • Mexico F A Why? C B G • Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse • War! • US wins • In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for G E D

14. Obstacles • Technology • Indian Tribes • Law and Order • Forests had to be cleared to make way for new cities- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?

15. Technology • Interchangeable Parts (1801) • Cotton Gin (1793) & McCormick Reaper (1831) – accelerated farming • Steamboats (1807) & railroads (1850’s) – provide faster movement of goods & services • Telegraph (1837) – speeds up the pace of business

16. Not Your Father’s Migration! • Different kinds of people move westward than had done during the 1600’s/1700’s (IN ORDER) • Land Speculators overran the tribes looking for quick profits & ignoring treaties (which the gov’t also ignored) • “The Law” (Gov’t, Police) follow the criminals • Religious Zealots - People who are extremely religious

17. The Lure of the West - what brought people here?

18. 1. Sharing of Knowledge • Trappers like Jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger explored the west taking beaver pelts • Explored the Rockies finding routes through the mountains to the west coast • Shared knowledge of routes with pioneers

19. Explorations of Jedediah Smith Southern Route Protected Pioneers!

20. 2. Trade with Other Countries • Mexican independence (1821) encouraged trade • Merchants from Missouri opened trade across Great Plains with Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico • Welcomed by Mexico • Trade moved along what become known as the Santa Fe Trail

21. 3. Opportunities to Own Land • In 1836 missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman followed what would be the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley in Oregon territory • Founded Indian mission at Walla Walla • Later led wagon trains to Oregon establishing the trail as the way to get to Oregon • Killed by Cayuse Indians in 1847

22. Oregon Trail

23. 4. Religious Reasons • Mormons move west – after Joseph Smith was killed in Illinois in 1844, leadership of Mormon Church passed to Brigham Young • 1847 Young led Mormon Exodus to east shore of Great Salt Lake • Successful settlement in desert • By 1860 over 40,000 Mormons in the West

24. 5. Land Speculation • Some Americans wanted to take away rich lands from Natives • Louisiana Purchase (1803) legitimized expansion • Speculators saw Natives as savages and not worthy of the land

25. The Results?? • Wagons West – trains of 10 to 100 wagons moved settlers the 2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon or California • 260,000 Americans made the trip • Trip took 5 months • Donner Party (cannibalism) showed the danger • Those that made it got better farms

26. A Massive Migration • Census reports record the new movement westward (1800-1840) • Ohio: 50,000-1.5 million • Illinois: 12,000-500,000 • Alabama: 22,000-127,000 • By 1837, the number of states doubled to 26 • Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Indiana

27. Effects on Nation • Events directly affected by “Manifest Destiny” 1. Indian Wars and Removal (1830’s)2. The Alamo (1835) 3. Mexican War (1846) 4. Gold Rush (1849) 5. Reliance on slavery spins nation into Civil War (1861)