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Transatlantic Voyages and Navigation. The Age of Exploration. European sailors and ships - > left the Old World ( Portuguese, Spanish , British, French, Dutch) -> set out to discover – the Other World -> later called “ Mundus Novus ” or New World -> exploration turned into exploitation
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The Age of Exploration European sailors and ships -> left the Old World (Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, Dutch) -> set out to discover – the Other World -> later called “Mundus Novus” or New World -> exploration turned into exploitation (befriend, exploit, kill) e.g. 1495 – armed conflict in Hispaniola Out of 250.000 in 1492, 500 remained in 1538!!!
The Waldseeműller Map of 1507 A German cartographer credited for the first use of the word America on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honor of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci explored parts of South America.
Fabled land in the East • Europeans didn’t know the faraway lands in the East • their conception of these lands were inaccurate • new information – Marco Polo • Arabian merchants – brought new products
What made the civilization of the Renaissance turn to discovery? • Willingness to learn and understand other cultures (curiosity) 2. Religious desire to save souls (and the myth of Prester John) 3. Economic reasons – attacked by the infidels – Muslims, needed new resources of precious metals (gold and silver) 4. Imperialism – colonization of foreign lands
Marco Polo and his travels • Marco Polowas born in 1254 in Venice, Italy. He accompanied his father and uncle on their way to the East. Three years later they got to Beijing and stayed there for 17 years. Marco was soon working for the Emperor. Upon his return to Italy Marco was put in prison where he dictated his memoirs to his friend Rusticelli. This work became known as „Million“
trade – caravans – Silk route • mainly luxurious items – chinaware, silk, gold, pearls, precious stones, jewels, rare spices(pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, clove, etc.) • Silk route – across Asia to the Black and Meditteranean seas
1453 – Fall of Constantinople • they took control over the sea and land routes • They collected high fees for using the Bosporus strait • Europeans began their search for new routes to India and China
Navigation around Africa • Portuguese – at first they sailed to North Africa • imported ivory, gold and black slaves • Prince Henry, called the Navigator • Bartholomew Diaz – endeavoured to sail around Africa, but his sailors were worried and forced him to return • Cape of Storms – (later) Cape of Good Hope
Many obstacles to success • Geographical knowledge of the world was not what it is today – e.g. It was believed that Malaysia and Africa were believed to be connected, no maps • Danger of ocean travel itself – e.g. Oceans were inhabited by dragons and sea monsters and there were great holes in which the ships would simply disappear • The explorers did not know where they were going.
Technological necessities • chronometer • astrolabe • magnetic needle or compass • measures latitude • showed north • measured longitude • Not available until the 18th century • Known to the ancient Greeks, improved in 15th century • Came to Europe from the Arab world in 12th century
Answers 1) chronometer c) longitude (E-W) I) not until 18th c. 2) astrolabe a) latitude (N-S) II) known to Greeks 3) compass b) showed north III) from the Arabs
Vasco da Gama • 1498 – he arrived in India after having sailed around the south tip of Africa and thus started the era of vivid trade with spices in the first place, but also other goods • 1500 – the Portuguese reached Brazil and it has made it the only country in South America where not Spanish, but Portuguese is spoken
Christopher Columbus and the New World • He was born in ________, v Itálii • He believed that the Earth is ________kulatá • He tried to persuade the king of Portugal to organize a voyage across the Atlantic – but didn’t succeed • In the end he left for Spain and entered the services at the royal court • queen Isabela and king Ferdinand • He set sail on August 3, 1492 with three ships:
What is a carrack? • A carrack is a 30-40 metres long and approximately 10 metres wide ship. It was a large and heavy vessel with high sides and great loading capacity, which was about 1000 tons. It had four decks. The prow and stern pass into a high and square extension. • A carrack was a three-mast vessel
Where did Columbus get to? • The island of San Salvador in the Carribean • today’s group of islands of the Bahamas • later founded the first permanent European colony in the New World on the island of Hispaniola (today’s Haiti and Dominican Republic] • He named its inhabitants Indians (India) • Until his death he believed he had reached India • He undertook a total of 4 voyages
Voyage around the World • Fernao Magalhaes [Magaljenš] • Began with 5 vessels • They sailed around South America and then through a strait into an ocean which they named Pacific (quiet, peaceful) • In the Philippines they met the natives and a great majority of them perished • Only one ship returned, without Magalhaes
Other „explorers“ - conquistador • Hernando Cortéz– Aztec civilization, Mexico • army of 550 troops, 250 Indians • depended on the help of Aztec enemies • brought Central and parts of South America under Spanish control – territory larger than Spain itself • victory due to advanced technology • especially artillery • Aztec population was reduced from 25 to 2 million !!! Especially due to communicable diseases such as smallpox!!!
Francisco Pizarro • he conquerred the Incan Empire of Peru • gold and silver flooded to Europe, especially after the huge silver deposit was found at Potosi • aim of the Spanish – convert the natives to Christianity, extend Spain's power over its lands and gain some profit
The results of overseas explorations • gold and silver flooded to Europe • improving economy • population growth • awareness of new parts of the globe • restoration of European self-confidence • Europe rediscovered itself • the rise of colonial empires • transfer of slaves, animals, plants and diseases • explotation of native civilizations etc.
