Montana Tribes and Reservations Grade 5 Review

1. Montana Tribes and ReservationsGrade 5 Review

2. Native American Montana Tribes • Blackfeet • Salish, Kootenai, Pend d’Oreille • Chippewa/Cree • Crow • Northern Cheyenne • Assiniboine • Sioux • Gros Ventre • Little Shell

3. Montana Reservations

4. Blackfeet(located on Blackfeet Reservation) • Buffalo hunting society • Located: Montana, Idaho, Alberta, Canada • Europeans • Brought horses-valuable for hunting buffalo • 1800’s infected tribe with smallpox • Blackfeet language is spoken by half of the tribal members (difficult to learn)

5. Blackfeet • Blackfeet women wore long deerskins dresses decorated with elk teeth and porcupine quills • Blackfeet men were hunters and warriors • Wore tunics and breechcloths • Chiefs wore feather headdresses • Men wore 3 braids in a topknot • Painted faces for special occasions • Used long bows, arrows, clubs and hide shields for hunting and war

6. Blackfeet • Both men and women were storytellers, artists, musicians and medicine people • Children hunted, fished, had special games and dolls

7. Blackfeet • Children hunted, fished, had special games and dolls • Blackfeet is the official name, given by the white man, many tribal refer to themselves as Blackfeet • Tipi • Was their home, made out of buffalo hide • A tipi could be set up and taken down in an hour very easily • Blackfeet homes(which belonged to the women)were disassembled and carried by them

8. Blackfeet • Councils • In the past consensus had to be reached (all chiefs had to agree) • At present all council members are elected by tribal members

9. Salish, Kootenai, Pend d’Oreille(Located on Flathead Reservation) • Met with Lewis and Clark in 1805 • Treaty of Hellgate (1855) • Had translation problems • Only 1/10 was understood by either side • Chief Victor marked X and agreed to move onto reservation land • Chief Charlot (Victor’s son) • Continued non-violent relations with whites • His X was forged and tribe was moved to reservation

10. Salish, Kootenai, Pend d’Oreille(Located on Flathead Reservation) • 1889 • Signs agreement to relocate to Flathead Reservation • 1891 • Troops forcibly march tribe 60 miles

11. Chippewa/Cree(Located on Rocky Boy’s Reservation) • Resisted being placed on a reservation • Hunted buffalo • Followed traditional ways • Deported to Canada • Placed onto rail cars • Returned and lived outside of hi-line town • In deplorable condition • Sent to Rocky Boy’s Reservation • 1916 • 3 tribes: Chippewa, Cree, Metis • (Metis were considered lower-class; usually mother was Indian and father was white.)

12. Crow(Located on Crow Reservation) • Became known as “people of the earthen lodges” • Settled along Missouri River • Semi-permanent lodges covered with earth • 1800’s • Smallpox epidemic • Native name—Apsaalooke • Reservation size reduced several times • 1825—signed treaty of friendship • 1851—tribal land size reduced by act of Congress • 1905—land reduced again • 1920—reduced reservation size again

13. Northern Cheyenne(located on Northern Cheyenne Reservation) • Tribe speaks Cheyenne language • Written history starts in 16th century • Participated in • Rosebud Battle • Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) • Annihilated General George Armstrong Custer • Had previously had “ashes” ceremony with Custer • This signified Custer would not wage war against them • Custer continued war on tribe

14. Northern Cheyenne(located on Northern Cheyenne Reservation) • Battle of Little Bighorn • Started process for Cheyenne to be exiled to Oklahoma • Chiefs Little Wolf and Dull Knife fought and brought band back from Oklahoma to Montana territory • Chief Little Wolf and Dull Knife buried in Lame Deer Cemetery

15. Assiniboine and Sioux(Located on Fort Peck Reservation) • Sioux • Horses introduced in 1500’s by Spanish • Made following buffalo easier • Warriors • Became chiefs if had strong warrior skills • Chiefs were in charge of different aspects of life • War, civil rules, medicine • Took part in Battle of Little Bighorn • Did Ghost Dance • To bring back buffalo • To be restored to their lands

16. Assiniboine and Sioux(Located on Fort Peck Reservation) • Assiniboine • Native name—Asinibwaan (Stone Sioux) • Semi-nomadic • Followed buffalo during warm months • Camped during cold months • Traded with Europeans • Dog was used as pack animal until horse was introduced

17. Assiniboine and Sioux(Located on Fort Peck Reservation) • Ceremonies • Sweat Lodge • Purification ceremony • Water poured over hot rocks • Vision Quest • Could be done for self or others • Fasting for purpose of receiving visions

18. Gros Ventre and Assiniboine(Located on Fort Belknap Reservation) • Gros Ventre • Earliest contact with whites in 1754 • 1855 • Signed treaty with Governor of Washington Territory • Treated as part of Blackfeet tribe • Gave common hunting grounds for all tribes that signed the treaty • 1868 • Fort Browning built for Gros Ventre • Built on Sioux hunting grounds • Built on Milk River • Abandoned in 1871

19. Gros Ventre and Assiniboine(Located on Fort Belknap Reservation) • 1876 • Gros Ventre requested to go to Fort Peck Reservation • Wouldn’t go because Sioux were there • Couldn’t “ride together in peace” with Sioux • 1878 • Fort Peck Reservation reassigned • Gros Ventre and Assiniboine tribes only

20. Little Shell(“landless Indians”) • 17th century • Fur traders • 1846 • Located in Manitoba • 1863 • 10,000,000 acre reservation • Signed by Chief Little Shell

21. Little Shell(“landless Indians”) • 1892 • Ten Cent Treaty • Indians offered 10 cents • Tribe refused to sign • Lost tribal land and rights as tribe • Recognized as a tribe by state of Montana