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The Eisenhower Era

The Eisenhower Era. Chapter 37 AP. Objectives…. Explain how Eisenhower’s leadership coincided with the American mood in the 1950s. Describe the rise and fall of McCarthyism Describe the beginning of the civil rights movement. What caused Truman’s downfall?. Korean War

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The Eisenhower Era

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  1. The Eisenhower Era Chapter 37 AP

  2. Objectives…. • Explain how Eisenhower’s leadership coincided with the American mood in the 1950s. • Describe the rise and fall of McCarthyism • Describe the beginning of the civil rights movement

  3. What caused Truman’s downfall? • Korean War • Frustration with conduct • Firing MacArthur • McCarthy – criticism • Charges of corruption in administration • 1952 – approval rating – 23% • Truman will not run in 1952

  4. Who was the Democratic candidate in 1952? • Adlai Stevenson • Honest and intelligent • Liberal • Can’t win • wage – price freeze during Korean War • Charges of corruption in Truman administration

  5. Who was the Republican candidate in 1952? • Dwight David Eisenhower • Popular WWII general • Moderate Republican • Warm personality • Pledged to “go to Korea” • Offered stability • Knew voters wanted peace and prosperity

  6. Who was Ike’s vice-presidential candidate? • Richard M. Nixon • Concession to hard line anti-communists • Antagonistic • Defamatory attacks on Stevenson • Accused of having a secret slush fund-$18,000

  7. What was the Checkers Speech? • Eisenhower wanted to dump Nixon • Nixon took his case to the American people • Masterful use of TV • Said the only thing he received was a puppy and wouldn’t give it back • The people loved it

  8. What were the results of the Election of 1952? • Eisenhower received 55% of the vote and carried 39 states • Sign of Eisenhower’s popularity • Congress – Republican on Ike’s coat tails

  9. What was K1C2? • Republican campaign theme in 1952 • Korea • Communism • Corruption

  10. What result did the Eisenhower election have on the Cold War? • Diminished the intensity • Many issues already settled • Boundaries frozen • Berlin Blockade, Chinese Revolution, Korean War • Cold War defense spending permanent part of the budget – contributing to economic prosperity • Sense of relative security

  11. Dwight David Eisenhower

  12. DDE’s background… • Born 1890 into a poor Texas family • Public education • 1915 - Graduated West Point • 1917 - WW I veteran • Advisor to MacArthur • 1943 - N. African campaign - D-Day

  13. DDE’s background… • 1945 – Allied Commander • 1945 - President Columbia U. • 1950 - Leader of NATO • 1952 – Elected US President • Retired in Gettysburg, PA • Died in Washington DC 1969

  14. Dwight D. Eisenhower Dynamic Conservatism or Modern Republicanism “Conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings” - DDE

  15. What was Eisenhower’s leadership style? • Moderate – middle of the road • Slow the growth of the federal government • Limit the President’s power • Cut spending/reduce taxes/balance the budget • Worked behind the scenes – “hidden hand” • Critics interpreted his style as doing nothing

  16. Ike’s view of the corporate commonwealth? • Wanted to encourage and support corporate America • Pro-big business • Appointed to FTC, FCC, and the FPC men who were friendly to the corporate interests they were charged with regulating

  17. Ike’s cabinet? • Put successful businessmen in his cabinet – “eight millionaires and a plumber” • Charles Wilson (Sec. of Defense) “What’s good for General Motors business is good for America.”

  18. Submerged Lands Act of 1953? • Transferred $40 billion worth of offshore oil lands from the federal government to the states so that the states could lease oil rights to corporations

  19. Consequences of Ike’s environmental policy? • Lax approach to government regulation • Accelerated a trend toward the destruction of the natural environment • Louisiana – massive degradation of wetlands • Florida – tropical forest damaged • Warehousing of dangerous chemicals • Use of DDT poisoned birds

  20. Ike and the New Deal? • Accepted legacy of greater federal responsibility for social welfare • Expanded Social Security • Added 4 million workers to those eligible for unemployment • Small increases in minimum wage • Created Department of Health, Education and Welfare

  21. Federal Highway Act of 1956 • $32 billion for the construction of a national interstate highway system • By 1972 single larges public works program in Am. history

  22. 41,000 miles of highway at $76 billion • Stimulated auto industry and suburbia • Accelerated decline of mass transit and older cities

  23. National Defense Education Act… • Oct. 4, 1957 Soviet Union launched Sputnik • Am. Officials worried that U.S. lagging behind in training scientists and engineers • Strengthen support for math, science, and technology education

  24. 1958 - $280 million grants to upgrade university facilities • $300 million for low-interest student loans • Concede importance of education

  25. Who was Senator Joe McCarthy? • “Tailgunner” Joe • Republican Senator from Wisconsin • Weak – wanted reelection • Identified himself as a leader against communism in U.S. government • Gave a speech to a the Republican Women’s Club in Wheeling, W. Virginia

  26. McCarthy… • Claimed to have a list of 205 communists in the State Department – then 81 – then 57 • McCarthyism – synonym for public charges without sufficient regard for the evidence • Demogogue…

  27. Senator Joe McCarthy

  28. What tactics did he use? • Made slanderous attacks on the Senate floor • Democrats – “soft on communism” • Democratic Party – “the party of treason” • Sec. of State Dean Acheson – “Red Dean” • Fed on people’s fears • Used the press effectively – called press conferences

  29. Who supported him? • Republicans who wanted a campaign issue for ’52 • Those who opposed aid to Europe and the New Deal • Those who resented privilege and the eastern elite • American Legion and the Chamber of Commerce • Religious leaders and blue collar workers

  30. What brought McCarthy’s downfall? • He went too far • Made attacks against the US Army • Nationally televised investigation • Bullied witnesses and alienated the audience • Censured by the Senate

  31. Ike on Civil Rights… • Couldn’t be avoided – did not assume leadership here • Brown v. Board of Education • Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Integration of Little Rock Central High School

  32. Recent history of CR … • WWII  black migration and higher expectations • WWII Threatened march on Washington, Double V Campaign and A. Philip Randolph • WWIIFair Employment Practices and Executive Order 8802

  33. Truman and Civil Rights • Civil Rights Committee – 1946 • Dramatized inequalities of Jim Crow • Called for anti-lynching and poll tax legislation • Desegregated military • Ended discrimination in federal hiring

  34. How did the Supreme Court change in its approach to CR? • Morgan v. Virginia – segregation on interstate buses – an undue burden • Struck down: All white primaries, racially restrictive housing, exclusion of blacks from law and graduate schools • Great potential of using the courts to fight discrimination • Problem? Enforcement

  35. What was the NAACP’s strategy? • The NAACP focused on the inequalities between the B/W schools • Under lawyer Thurgood Marshall the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 cases • Morgan Vs Virginia (1946) - No segregated seating on interstate buses

  36. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents? • Unconstitutional – “badge of inferiority”

  37. Brown V. Board of Education? • 8 year old Linda Brown lived 3 blocks from an all – white elementary school and had to travel 21 blocks to her school • Oliver Brown tried to register at her neighborhood school • Brown was one of 5 cases challenging segregation in schools • Thurgood Marshall – NAACP lawyer

  38. Linda and Terry Brown walking to segregated school

  39. How did Thurgood Marshall win his case? • Goal: Overturn Plessy v. Ferguson • Argued: separate facilities denied blacks their full rights as American citizens • Used: psychological and sociological evidence – self esteem studied

  40. And the Court ruled? • Chief Justice Earl Warren wanted a unanimous ruling • Ruling: segregation denies children of a minority group equal educational opportunities • Denies equal protection guaranteed under the 14th Amendment

  41. Chief Justice Earl Warren: “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”

  42. Integration after Brown in Virginia

  43. What was the southern reaction? • Most states put responsibility in hands of local school boards • Created private all white academies • Southern Manifesto – 101 congressmen urged states to refuse compliance

  44. Ike on Brown… • “I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions” • Privately opposed the decision • Said appointing Earl Warren Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made.”

  45. Crisis in Little Rock - 1957 • Federal judge ordered desegregation of Little Rock schools • Little Rock school board complied … • Governor Orval Faubus defied the order .. • Ike put Arkansas National Guard under federal control and brought in the 101st Airborne Division to uphold federal authority and enforce the law

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