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Learning Objectives – Endocrine System

Learning Objectives – Endocrine System. Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones. Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body. Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones. Learning Objectives (cont’d.).

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Learning Objectives – Endocrine System

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  1. Learning Objectives – Endocrine System • Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones. • Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body. • Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones.

  2. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) • Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands. • Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations. • Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

  3. The Endocrine System – p. 746 • Glands release hormones • Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism • Hormones bind to receptors • Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act

  4. Two Types of Glands • ENDOCRINE glands Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream • EXOCRINE glands Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.

  5. Glands page 747

  6. Thyroid Gland – page 748

  7. Thyroid Function – page 748 • Two hormones secreted by thyroid: • thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) • triiodothyronine (T3) • Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

  8. Thyroid Gland • Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone • New hormone recently discovered

  9. Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions

  10. Parathyroid Gland: - page 749

  11. Parathyroid Glands – page 750

  12. Parathyroid Function • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream

  13. Adrenal Glands – page 751

  14. ADRENAL GLANDS: Each gland has two parts • an outer portion, the adrenal cortex • Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol • an inner portion, adrenal medulla • Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids

  15. Adrenal CORTEX Secretes • Glucocorticoids:influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences--SUGAR • Mineralocorticoids:regulate electrolytes • Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences--SALT • Gonadocorticoids:androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX

  16. Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes • Two types of catecholamine hormones • Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure

  17. The Adrenal Cortexand Adrenal Medulla

  18. Pancreas – page 752 • Located near and partially behind stomach • Exocrine and endocrine organ

  19. Pancreas Function • islets of Langerhans produce: • Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen • Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

  20. Pancreas Function

  21. Pituitary Gland – page 753 • Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis • Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) • Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) • Hypothalmus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)

  22. Pituitary Gland

  23. Pituitary Function – page 754 • Anterior Pituitary secretes the following hormomes: • Growth hormone (GH) – increases bone and tissue growth • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

  24. Pituitary Function • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates cortisol secretion • Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) • Prolactin (PRL)

  25. Pituitary Function (cont’d.) • Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) – increases water reabsorption by kidneys • Oxytocin (OT)

  26. Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions – page 755

  27. Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions – page 755-756

  28. Table 18-2 • See page 756 for summary of major endocrine glands, hormones they produce, and their actions.

  29. COMBINING FORMS – page 760 GLANDS • aden/o gland • adren/o adrenal glands • adrenal/o adrenal glands Combining Form Meaning

  30. Combining Forms • Combining Form Meaning • gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes) • pancreat/o pancreas • parathyroid/o parathyroid gland

  31. Page 760 - Glands • pituitar/o pituitary gland; • thyr/o thyroid gland • thyroid/o thyroid gland Combining Form Meaning

  32. Combining Forms - Page 760-761 • andr/o male • calc/o, calici/o calcium (hypocalcemia) • cortic/o cortex, outer region • crin/o secrete (endocrine) Combining Form Meaning

  33. Combining Forms • Combining Form Meaning • dips/o thirst (poly dipsia) • estr/o female • gluc/o, glyc/o sugar (hyperglycemia)

  34. Glands - Page 761 Combining Form Meaning • home/o sameness • hormon/o hormone • kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)

  35. Glands • Combining Form Meaning • lact/o milk • myx/o mucus • natr/o sodium

  36. Glands - Page 762 Combining Form Meaning • phys/o growing • somat/o body (somatotropin) • ster/o solid structure

  37. Glands Combining Form Meaning • toc/o childbirth • toxic/o position • ur/o urine

  38. Suffixes - page 763 • -agon assemble, gather together • -emia blood condition • -in, -ine a substance Suffix Meaning

  39. Suffixes Suffix Meaning • tropin stimulating the function of • -uria urine condition

  40. Prefixes - page 763 Prefix Meaning • eu- good, normal (euthyroid) • hyper- excessive, above • hypo- deficient, below • oxy- rapid, sharp, acid

  41. Prefixes Prefix Meaning • pan- all • tetra- four • tri three

  42. QUICK QUIZ: • Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium? • hyperkalemia • hypocalcemia • hypercalciuria • hypokalemia

  43. Thyroid Abnormalities – page 764 Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid

  44. Thyroid Abmormalities Hypersecretion Hyperthyroidism • Graves disease – Autoimmune • Exophthalmos and proptosis

  45. Thyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion Hypothyroidism • Myxedema • Cretinism Neoplasms Thyroid carcinoma

  46. Parathyroid Abnormalities – page 765 Hypersecretion Hyperparathyroidism • Loss of bone density • Kidney stones • Hypercalcemia

  47. Parathyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism • Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany

  48. Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex – page 766 Hypersecretion • adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening • Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition

  49. Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion • Addison disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure

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