October 19

1. October 19 AH English II Ethos-Logos-Pathos Top 10 Rhetorical Devices

2. N2K 10-19

3. EQ’s & Objectives • EQ27 Can I write an argument using valid reasoning and evidence? • W.9/10.2 • EQ28 Can I create organization in an argument using specific claims & rebuttals? • EQ29 Can I anticipate opposing viewpoints while developing claims with evidence?

4. Objectives – In order to address the EQ’s, we must understand the following: Analyze the use of Ethos, Logos, Pathos Understand the purpose and use of top 10 rhetorical devices in speeches Identify and analyze the use of maxims and tricolons Understand the difference among analogies, metaphors, and similes

5. Agenda Plan: PowerPoint Video Clips Rally Coach Practice Exit Slip REMINDER: Word Wall words were issued. Quiz is Tuesday and vocab cartoons will be due then.

6. Recall Prior Knowledge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6wRkzCW5qI What do some of these diverse speeches have in common? How are their rhetorical devices alike?

7. appeals to reason relies on logicor reason • Go from Broad to Specific ORfrom • Specific to Broadapplications • AVOID logical fallacies (over generalizations or false connections) We will discuss these in depth as we continue the unit. • Click Hereto learn LOTS moreabout • LOGOS

8. based onthe character, credibility, or reliability ofthe writer • Use reliablesources and state info accurately • Click Hereto learnmore • aboutETHOS

9. appeals to an audience's needs, values, and emotionalsensibilities • Use emotional words or personalstories • to make an impact and illustrate apoint • Click Hereto learn more aboutPATHOS

10. A comparison between two different things in order to highlight some likenesses • NOT metaphor since metaphors “claim TOTAL identification”and analogies donot • Also NOT compare/contrast since analogies focus on similarities but NOT differences • Click Hereto learn moreabout • ANALOGIES

11. Analogies continued • An analogy is a comparison between two different things in order to highlight some point of similarity. In rhetoric, an analogy won't settle an argument, but a good one may help to clarify the issues. • EXAMPLE: Science writer Claudia Kalb relies on the computer to explain how our brains process memories: • Some basic facts about memory are clear. Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporate--like words that go missing when you turn off your computer without hitting SAVE. But other short-term memories go through a molecular process called consolidation: they're downloaded onto the hard drive. These long-term memories, filled with past loves and losses and fears, stay dormant until you call them up. • ("To Pluck a Rooted Sorrow," Newsweek, April 27, 2009) • Does this mean that human memory functions exactly like a computer in all ways? Certainly not. By its nature, an analogy offers a simplified view of an idea or process—an illustration rather than a detailed examination.

12. Analogies vs. Metaphors? Despite certain similarities, an analogy is not the same as a metaphor. As Bradford Stull observes in The Elements of Figurative Language (Longman, 2002), the analogy "is a figure of language that expresses a set of like relationships among two sets of terms. In essence, the analogy does not claim total identification, which is the property of the metaphor. It claims a similarity of relationships.“ Examples: 1. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence. (Sydney J. Harris, "What True Education Should Do," 1964) 2. Think of Wikipedia's community of volunteer editors as a family of bunnies left to roam freely over an abundant green prairie. In early, fat times, their numbers grow geometrically. More bunnies consume more resources, though, and at some point, the prairie becomes depleted, and the population crashes. Why are these examples different from similes and metaphors?

13. How do similesand metaphors differ? CLICK HEREtolearn more about METAPHORS

14. an implied comparison is made between two different things that actually have something important in common. The word metaphor itself is a metaphor, coming from a Greek word meaning to "transfer" or "carry across." Metaphors "carry" meaning from one word, image, idea, or situation to another.When Dr. Gregory House (in the old TV series House, M.D.) said, "I'm a night owl, Wilson's an early bird. We're different species," he was speaking metaphorically.Some metaphors are so common that we may not even notice that they are metaphors. Take the familiar metaphor of life as a journey, for example.We find it in advertising slogans:"Life is a journey, travel it well."(United Airlines)"Life is a journey. Enjoy the Ride."(Nissan)"The journey never stops."(American Express)"Life's a journey--travel light"(Hugo Boss Perfume)

15. Synecdoche (Si-neck-da-key): A form of metaphor. A part of something is used to signify the whole. Also, the reverse can be true where the whole can represent the part. Canada played in the U.S. hockey finals. (In reality, the Canadian team played the U.S. team, not the entire country.)Another from involves the container representing the thing being contained. The pot is boiling. (In reality, the pot isn’t boiling, just the water in the pot.)Also, it can involve the material form which an object is made standing for the object. The quarterback tossed the pigskin. (The football is made of pigskin)

16. Irony (there are multiple layers) • Dramatic Irony - occurs when the audience knows something that the character on stage is not aware. • Verbal Irony – When someone says something but means something else. • Situational Irony – When what happens is different than expected.

17. Check out the links below to learn more aboutverbal and dramaticirony. CLICK HEREaccess a GREAT LINK onIRONYcomplete w/ cartoon images–MUSTSEE! Note on the site above: BOTH verbal and dramatic irony are listed in #1 and #3 is meant to behumorous ALSOCLICK HERE see 3min VIDEO CLIP on the three most common types of IRONY

18. CLICK HEREto learn moreabout PERSONIFICATION

19. Are you crazy? CLICK HEREto learn more about RHETORICAL?'s Who cares?

20. Tricolon is a rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. • “Tell me andIforget. Teach me and I may remember.Involve me and I will learn” – BenjaminFranklin • "The few, the proud,the • Marines" CLICK HEREtolearn more about PARALLELISM CLICK HEREto learnmore aboutTRICOLONS

21. Tricolon continued "I require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless, and stupid."(attributed to Dorothy Parker) "You are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe."(The Wizard in The Wizard of Oz, 1939) "Ours is the age of substitutes: instead of language, we have jargon; instead of principles, slogans; instead of genuine ideas, bright ideas."(Eric Bentley, "The Dramatic Event") "What a time we had: splashed through bogs, ate like hogs, slept like logs."(HollingVincoeur, Northern Exposure) "The key to Springfield has always been Elm Street. The Greeks knew it. The Carthaginians knew it. Now you know it."(Herman, "Bart the General," The Simpsons)

22. a BRIEF general truth,fundamental principle, or rule ofconduct • A well-known phrase that expresses a general truth about life or a rule about behavior • Often (not always) a nugget ofwisdom • CLICK HEREto learn more aboutMAXIMS

23. Practice: A Few Good Men Watch this clip and follow along. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FnO3igOkOk Complete Rhetorical Analysis with shoulder partner. Rally Coach: Partner A explains 1 to partner B. Partner B listens (corrects, if necessary) and then praises. Partner B explains 2 to partner A. Partner A listens (corrects, if necessary) and then praises. Continue. Text: A Few Good Men

24. Exit Slip • What is the difference between an analogy and a metaphor? • Give an example of an analogy • Give an example of a simile • Give an example of a tricolon. • Give an example of a maxim.