Carbon Capture, Sequestration & CDM Opportunities in Power Sector

1. Carbon Capture, Sequestration & CDM Opportunities in Power Sector Presented By: Dr. V. K. Sethi Director, UIT, RGPV & Head, E&EM, RGPV

2. The Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by Developing world • Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge • Climate Change - rising GHG level • Continued focus on coal based generation

3. Government of India’s National Missions • National Solar Mission 2009 • National Renewable Energy Mission “A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012” • National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power • National Bio-diesel Mission • National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation • National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation

4. Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission Objectives: • To achieve solar energy production at a scale which leads to cost reduction and rapid diffusion and deployment of solar technologies across the country. • For the purpose; set up enabling policy environment and regulatory framework. Road Map:

5. The National Solar Mission The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges ofClimate Change

6. Main targets for National mission The objective of the National Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy through: • 20,000MW of installed solar generation capacity by 2022. • Solar cost reduction to achieve grid parity by 2022.

7. Proposed Milestones for MP • Phase-I • Year 2009-2013 Grid Connected : 75MW off grid : 2MW • Phase-II • Year 2013-2017 Grid Connected : 150MW off grid : 5MW • Phase-III • Year 2017-2022 Grid Connected : 750MW off grid : 25MW

8. Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9% requires that by the year 2012, we must have installed capacity at a level of over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or Terra Watt – This poses a Terra watt challenges for India.

9. Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations. • Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%. • CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. • There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century. • Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

10. China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use. • World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.) • Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next Three decades for India (99,861 MW Coal based generation out of 1,56,092 MW total power installed capacity)

11. Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2) Source: IAE: 1999

12. Atmospheric Concentration of GHG increasing • Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased significantly since industrial revolution – Carbon dioxide +30%; Methane +100%;Nitrous oxide +15% – Greenhouse gas concentrations projected to reach double pre-industrial levels by about 2060 • Many greenhouse gases remain in atmosphere for a longtime (decades to centuries)

13. The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by 0.76˚C over the past century. It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of this global warming was due to increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting from human activity. Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface temperature. Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has declined in both the hemispheres. Best estimate regarding the future changes in climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8” and for high scenario is 4.0”sea level rise The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed:

14. INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010 • POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY 1,56,092 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum • TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION IN 11TH PLAN • Central 46,500 MW • State & IPP 41,800 MW • NCES 10,700 MW • Nuclear 6,400 MW • Total 105,400 MW • BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY …Over 1000 Billion kWh • THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit) GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010

15. Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment • A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2010, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels • By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be theGreen Thermal Power: • Thermal 326,000MW • Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW • Nuclear 20,000 MW • Total 450,000 MW

16. Energy Security – Indian Perspective AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR: Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy Generating Systems. Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology. Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

17. Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options • World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India - 0.156 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day. • By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century. • Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

18. Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options…Contd. • Key scenario for stabilizing CO2in the atmosphere during 21st century turn on the viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2 capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to stay for millennia. • In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables. • Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this challenge to some extent.

19. POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA  Installed capacity in Utilities as on December 09 …1, 56,092 MW • Thermal Installed Capacity…99,861 MW (Coal 81,605 MW, Gas 17,055 MW, Diesel 1201 MW + Others- cogen etc.) • Hydro Power …36, 885 MW • Nuclear Power … 4120 MW • Renewable Energy Sources …15,226 MW • No. of Villages Electrified… 4,98,286 • Length of Trans. Lines… 64,97,727 kM • Total energy generation… 587 billion kWh • Per Capita Energy Consumption 606 kWh

20. NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW) Renewable EnergySource All India MP Wind - Potential - Installed 45,000 5500 3595 159.49 Bio Mass - Potential + Co-gen. - Installed 19,500 100 750 9.86 Small Hydro – Potential - Installed 5000 410.13 1705 40 Energy - Potential from Waste - Installed 1700 - 42 - Solar PV - Potential - Installed 20 MW/Sq. km - 264 100 k Wp

21. INDIANPOWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT • Total Installed Capacity … 1,56,092 MW • Thermal Generation … over 64 % • Although no GHG reduction targets for India but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization • Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

22. FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT • GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES • ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR • AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES • ENERGY EFFICIENCY • CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

23. There are three main techniques for Capture of CO2 in Power Generation Post-combustion capture Pre-combustion capture Oxy-fuel combustion

24. Techniques for removal of CO2 from Flue Gas • Carbon dioxide can be removed from flue gas and waste gas streams produced from carbon usage by various methods. • Absorption with a solvent, • Membrane separation, • Cryogenic fractionation, • Adsorption using molecular sieves. • Capture of CO2 from absorption method is most widely used technique.

25. Absorption Approach Using Chemical Solvents • CO2 can be removed from flue gases using solvents that rely on chemical or physical absorption. • The most common solvents used for neutralizing CO2in chemical absorption systems are alkanol-amines such as mono-ethanol-amine (MEA), di-ethanol-amine (DEA), and methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA). • Chemical absorption with MEA solvent is the most common • capture technology, is readily available and can be integrated • into new plants. • Prior to CO2 removal, the flue gas is typically cooled, then treated to reduce particulars and other impurities. It is then passed in to absorption tower where it comes in contact with the absorption solution.

26. Carbon Capture & Sequestration • India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. • Some of the demo pilot projects include. • -Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS will depend on this technology being cost effective. • -Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

27. FLUE GAS FROM GASIFIER LEGEND STEAM F.G. CO2 MEA CO H2 CH4 H2 N2 N2 MEA-01 MEA-02 MEA-03 CH4 CATALYTIC CONVERTER METHANE LIGNITE HYDROGEN PRODUCER CO CONVERTOR ASH GAS SCRUBBER 04 CO2 STRIPPER 05 ST ST NaHCO3 PURE MEA 06 SATURATED CO2 MEA -07 STEAM PURE H2 FOR FULE CELL FLUE GAS P2 BOILER P1 CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT AT RGPV

28. Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day Source of CO2 - Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass Gasifier of 10kW Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) SOx & NOx Removal : NaHCO3 Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst - For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C & Lignite

29. CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector • Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today • Fuel switching (Coal NG) • Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO2 Capture) • Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture) • Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS

30. ‘Kyoto’ Back-ground • 1992: United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change, adopted by most of the countries at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro • 1997:Kyoto Protocol was adopted • An important step towards stabilization of GHG concentration to prevent dangerous impacts on climate system • Industrialized countries are required to reduce their combined GHG emissions by at least 5.2% compared to 1990 levels by the first commitment period(2008-2012) • 2005:Kyoto protocol entered into force • Met 55 / 55%condition, after ratification by the Russian Federation • Is now fully operational

31. Kyoto Protocol Mechanism • Joint Implementation (Article 6): Emission reduction arising from project investment in other developed countries (with own emission targets) • Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12): Emission reduction arising from project investments in developing countries (don't have emission targets) • Emission Trading (Article 17) Portions of developed country’s emission allowances can be bought ? Sold in international C trading market. A Supplement to domestic action.

32. Prevention - Energy Conservation - Green practices, change in lifestyle Abatement - GHG emission mitigation through : Improved energy efficiency Cleaner energy sources / technologies Preventing deforestation Reducing methane emission (by improved Waste management practices) Strategic Response

33. Where is CDM Applicable ? • Renewable Energy: Wind, Solar, Biomass, Hydel power • Fuel switching: Fossil fuels to green fuel • Energy efficiency measures related to: Boilers,pumps,turbines,cooling system etc. • Introduction of new, efficient power generation technologies; Reduction in technical T&D losses • Improved waste management practieses:e.g.Capturing landfill methane for power generation • Transport: Modal shift , fuel switch • Forestry:Afforestration

34. CDM: Disqualifiers • Emission reduction from Nuclear facilities • A diversion of official development assistance (ODA) from Annex – I countries • Any other type of sequestration activities apart from afforestation and reforerstation!

35. CDM- A WIN-WIN SITUATION Industrialized countries (AI) • To assist in meeting their emission limitation commitments Investors Projectproponents CDM project activity (private business, governments, NGOs) (private business, governments, NGOs) Developing countries (Non-AI) • To assist in achieving sustainable development

36. What makes a project activity a CDM project activity? GHG “What would have happened” situation (fictitious situation) = baseline CERs CDM project activity Start of CDM project activity time GHG = Greenhouse gas emissions CERs =certified emissions reduction

37. CDM Projects Status • Total projects registered by EB – 1000 • Equivalent CERs – 340 Million • Projects from India – 47 (~ 30%) • Total Baseline Methodologies approved > 50 • Majority of the projects: Biomass – energy • Majority of CERs generated: HFC oxidation

38. Typical CDM Projects Categories in India • Renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, biomass, hydro) • Fuel switching (e.g. oil to gas, coal to gas) • Energy efficiency (e.g. lighting, insulation, process optimization) • Waste processing (e.g. land fill gas extraction, waste incineration) • Waste heat recovery projects including power generation • Energy saving by elimination of reheating processes • Thermal oxidation of HFC • Afforestation

39. Towards2012 and Beyond • Continue to mobilize private sector participation in the CDM, willing to respond positively to CDM criteria • Encourage CDM participation of large public sector emitters (e.g. power & transport sector) possibly in sector CDM arrangements • Information infrastructure to support a functioning market – e.g. baseline for major sectors like Power, Cement, Iron and Steel • Explore opportunities for sector trading schemes (Sectoral & Programmatic CDM ) • Integration of GHG emission reduction activities and national development programmes

40. Mission Energy Security and Energy independence • Climate Change – Nature’s Fury • Solar for irrigation • High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells • Hydrogen as Fuel for future • Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear Reactor • Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC • Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport • Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

41. Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11th & 12th Plans • Supercritical Power Plants • Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants • Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

42. SUPER CRITICAL UNITS • Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC • Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum) • Common Off site facility • FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6 Heaters. Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW * Number of Units 22 Units *Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

43. Main advantages of Super-Critical Steam Cycle • Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency • Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power generated compared to sub-critical • Very good part load efficiencies • Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

44. Current State-of-Art Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants Pressure - 300 bar Temperature - 600oC Efficiency - 45% (LHV Basis) Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC By the year 2005 - 620 oC By the year 2020 - 650-700 oC Cycle Efficiency - 50-55%

45. IGCC TECHNOLOGY ... • Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency. • Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%. • The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are: 7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant. - Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements in IGCC are : • hot gas de-sulfurisation • hot gas particulate removal • advanced turbine systems

46. IGCC

47. Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion • Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc. CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology: • Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

48. Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler Steam to Super Heater Cyclone Back-Pass Coal Feed Hopper Furnace ESP External Heat-Exchanger Ash Cooler HP Air

49. ITEM CFBC PF+FGD/SCR IGCC Cycle Efficiency % 34.8 36.7 41-42 Relative Capital Cost/kW 1.0 1.03-1.19 1.15-1.42 Relative O&M Cost/kW 1.0 1.49 0.8-0.98 CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.

50. Green Energy solutions Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology Energy Farming Energy Efficiency Major shift towards Green Technologies Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector