Morten Pilegaard mpi@termshare.dk (+45) 26 17 46 22

1. 2. Research paper structure and language Morten Pilegaard mpi@termshare.dk (+45) 26 17 46 22

2. 2 Research paper structure and language Movestructureconventionsare genre/subgenre-specific Conventionsarefollowed at the levels of • Culture/genre-specificschematicstructures(general or design-specificmoves & steps) • Target languageconventions, grammar & usage (toolusage) Contents/moves (e.g. Consort) Culture Spoken/written text Contents/moves Article 1a. Participant flow 1b. Losses/exclusions 2a. Recruitment 2b. Reason for stopping • Baseline data • Numbers analyzed 5a. Outcomes, estimates 5b. Binary outcomes 6. Ancillary analyses Abstract NNSE Sender Receiver NNSE/NSE Introduction Material/method Results Discussion Language NSE: Native speaker of English; NNSE: non-native speaker of English Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

3. 2 Research paper structure and language Language Nominal structure Dichotomies/hierarchies 1b “Therewasonlyoneprotocol deviation, in a woman in the studygroup. She had an abnormalpelvicmeasurement and wasscheduled for electivecaesareansection. However, a trial of labourwasjudged acceptable; caesareansectionwas done whentherewasnoprogress in the first stage of labour http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-statement/13-19---results/item13b_losses-exclusions/ Conventional features! Not cast in iron! Past tense No hedging Agent-less passives Main sentences Theme/rheme structure Declarative sentences Lexical cohesion Contents/moves • 1a. Participant flow • 1b. Losses/exclusions • 2a. Recruitment • 2b. Reason for stopping • Baseline data • Numbersanalyzed • 5a. Outcomes, estimates • 5b. Binaryoutcomes • 6. Ancillary analyses Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

4. 2 Research paper structure and language Language Nominal structure Dichotomies/hierarchies 1b “Therewasonlyoneprotocol deviation, in a woman in the studygroup. She had an abnormalpelvicmeasurement and wasscheduled for electivecaesareansection. However, a trial of labourwasjudged acceptable; caesareansectionwas done whentherewasnoprogress in the first stage of labour http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-statement/13-19---results/item13b_losses-exclusions/ Past tense No hedging Agent-less passives Main sentences Theme/rheme structure Declarative sentences Lexical cohesion Move/step • 1a. Participant flow • 1b. Losses/exclusions • 2a. Recruitment • 2b. Reason for stopping • Baseline data • Numbersanalyzed • 5a. Outcomes, estimates • 5b. Binaryoutcomes • 6. Ancillary analyses Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

5. 2 Research paper structure and language Theme: Whatwe talk about. In Resultssectionoftensentencesubject Rheme: Whatwesayabout the theme. In Resultssectionoften the rest of the sentence Nominal structure Dichotomies/hierarchies 1b “Therewasonlyoneprotocol deviation, in a woman in the studygroup. She had an abnormalpelvicmeasurement and wasscheduled for electivecaesareansection. However, a trial of labourwasjudged acceptable; caesareansectionwas done whentherewasnoprogress in the first stage of labour http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-statement/13-19---results/item13b_losses-exclusions/ Past tense No hedging Agent-less passives Main sentences Theme/rheme structure Declarative sentences Lexical cohesion • 1a. Participant flow • 1b. Losses/exclusions • 2a. Recruitment • 2b. Reason for stopping • Baseline data • Numbersanalyzed • 5a. Outcomes, estimates • 5b. Binaryoutcomes • 6. Ancillary analyses Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

6. 2 Research paper structure and language Material/methods and Results • Genre features • Purpose Describe materials/methods; explain procedures; allow replication • Describe results; some disciplines also comment in Results • StructureDefined by design and tradition (convention) • FormMainly descriptive (rarely argumentative; rarely discussant) • LanguageSyntax: Simple (mainly main sentences); no fronted subordinate sentences; extensive use of passive and past tense • Lexis: Nominal style; heavy pre- & postmodified noun groups; • Lexical cohesion; no hedging, no modals Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

7. 2 Research paper structure and language Materials/methods and Results Design-specificmoves: Materiale and method: Consort 1. Protocol - Planned study population, - Inclusion or exclusion criteria - Planned interventions and their timing - Primary/secondary outcome measure(s) - Projection of target sample size - Rationale/method for statistical analyses - Details of main comparative analyses - Intention to treat basis - Prospectively defined stopping rules 2. Assignment 3. Masking (blinding) 4. Etc. ”Tables are made last, but read first!” …. so remember to pay attention to detail!

8. 2 Research paper structure and language Materials/methods and Results Move Structure • Strobe: ObservationalstudyPrisma: Systematisk review • Grade: Meta-analysisStard: Diagnosticaccuracy • Orion: InfectioncontrolConsort: Randomized studies Default structure where no “recipe” is followed Materials / methodsResults 1. Background/context 1. State final materials (inclusion/exclusion) 2. Purpose/hypothesis 2. Localize general (main) results 3. Materials 3. State nature of general/mainresults 4. Location/site 4. State details of mainresults 5. Methods/procedure 5. Evaluateresults 6. Limitations 7. Data analysis ”selective presentation of results is important… Redundancy should be avoided … results of minor variations on the principal experiment should be summarized rather than included. Details in figure captions and table heads are not restated in the text

9. 2 Research paper structure and language Materials/methods and Results Disciplinary variation: M & M: Biochemistry case: Mixed moves Move 1: Describe materials (e.g. cell lines, antibodies, plasmids, enzymes, etc.) Step 1a: List materials: List materials/substances used 1b: Mention source:  Commercial/non-commercial (gift of…), etc. 1c: Describe individual materials: Features, characteristics, etc. Move 2: Describe experimental procedure Step 2a: Established procedure: Simply mention name; add reference 2b: Modified procedure: Detailed description of new elements 2c: Background: State reason for choice of technique/procedure/modification and/or possibly comment on course of experiment The following murine expressed sequence tag (EST) clones were obtained from ZZZ. The plasmid DNA was isolated and sequenced. These EST clones and the full length cDNA of SH3P7/-mAbpl in pExkix were used to generate the different constructs used. The serine 235 colon for which we found a poplymorphism was included in all generat-ed plasmids containing this region. To construct glutathione S-transferase XXX, DNA sequences encoding either the full-length protein (aa-433) or truncations were PCR amplified using primers generating BamHI and HindIII sites at the 5′and 3′ ends

10. 2 Research paper structure and language Materials/methods and Results Disciplinary variation: Results: Mixed moves Of the 34 patients identified, 32 partici-pated in the study...A total of 404 were excluded from the study... 1. State final material (inclusion/exclusion) 2. Localize general/main results 3. State nature of general/main results 4. State details of main results (5. Evaluate results) Moves 2-4 often mixed: The use of GPs changed with the time of the call (Table 3). Daytime calls to all ages of patients were usually covered by the practices themselves, but GP visits rose from 11% of calls during the daytime and 10% in the evenings to 26% at night. Telephone advice was relatively stable at 35-42% of all calls throughout the three time periods Themestructure T1: Use of GP T1A: Daytimecalls T1B: GP visits (day/evening/night) T1C: Telephone advice

11. 2 Research paper structure and language Introduction and discussion Sub-genre features of introduction and discussion Purpose General, gross move structure (paragraph level, 2.1.A) (Berkenkotter & Huckins) Rhetorical form: Exposition: argumentation and description Language Syntax: Variation (length, function); active/passive, past/present Lexis: Variation (heavy noun groups; strong verbs); hedging; modals; varied cohesion • Outline background • State research rationale • Set research scene • Discuss results in context • Assess strengths/weaknesses/use • Recommend future research • Outline research area • Establish research niche • Occupy research niche • Occupy research niche • (Re)establish research niche • Extend research domain

12. 2 Research paper structure and language Contents Design-specific • Strobe: Observational study Prisma: Systematic review • Grade: Meta-analysis Stard: Diagnostic accuracy • Orion: Infection control Consort: Randomized studies Consort Introduction Discussion 20 Limitations (bias, imprecision…) 21 Generalizability (validity…) 22 Interpretation of results 2a Background and rationale 2b Specific objectives/hypotheses 1 Nature and scope of problem 2 Brief review of pertinent literature 2 Rationale of study 4 Purpose of paper 5 Rationale for choice of method Int. J Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Contents Journal-specific 1 Principal findings 2 Strengths/weaknesses of study 2 Str/weak of results comp to others’ 5 Meaning of study; implications 5 Unanswered questions 6 Future research BMJ Check movestructure in target journal if no set movestructure is prescribed! Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

13. 2 Research paper structure and language Contents – A functional perspective or “what are we doing with words” 1. Background (optional) 2. Present own results 3. Ex/unexpected outcome (option) 4. Compare with other research 5. Explain result / the unexpected 6. Example supporting explanation 7. Deduct/conclude/claim) 8. Hypothesis (optional) 9. Support for 7-8 (optional) 10. Recommendation (optional) 11. Suggest future work 1. Introduce research area a) Summarize previous research b) Claim general importance c) Make topic generalization 2. Establish research niche a) Indicating gap or b) Raise question/doubt or c) Make counter-claim or d) Claim benefit, take next step 3. Occupy research niche a) State purpose b) State main results (some displ) c) Describe structure (some displ) Conven-tions Moves & steps Repeated for every main finding Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

14. Writing process: Structured, focused, stepwise • 1+2 Prewriting: Think & plan • Writing: Turn plan intowords • Post: Check cohesion & grammar Cancer is the leading cause of death, and the risk of getting cancer before the age of 75 reaches 30% for men and 26% for women in the Nordic countries (ref). Lung cancer has a particularly high incidence and mortality from this disease is largely determined by its stage at diagnosis: differences in survival between stage 1-2 and stage 3-4 cancers thus reach 50 percentage points (ref). Danish citizens are generally diagnosed with cancer at later, more advanced stages than other Europeans and therefore have inferior cancer survival rates. For lung cancer, for example, the Danish relative 1-year survival rate was 34.9 compared with 43.6 in Sweden in 2005-2007. The aim of this study was to… Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

17. Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

18. Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

19. Exercise: Read the below introduction and see if you can trace its move structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Introduction Screening for breast cancer is imple-mented in Denmark as a nation-wide program with the purpose of reducing breast cancer mortality.1 Despite an ongoing controversy regarding harms and benefits as well as the effective-ness of the program,2-6 screening is still recommended in many western coun-tries. A high participation rate is impor-tant to ensure high efficiency of a popu-lation-based breast cancer screening program. In this effort, health care pro-fessionals and administrators often have to rely on ‘best practice’ and com-mon sense. There is a need for syste-matic knowledge in this field. In terms of participation, the geographical distance could be an important issue to consider as this may influence the target-popula-tion’s ability and propensity to partici-pate

20. Background (repeat Purpose) • Own results (main/part) 5. Conclude on study, context • Poss. Resume of result 6. Discuss/assess study • Compare/assess results 7. What follows from the study 2. Result (part result) Discussion: Hopkins & Dudley-Evans The single patient with biopsy-proved hepatic involvement also had a positive spleen. This is in accord with the original observation of the Stanford group, who reported no instance of hepatic involvement without concomitant splenic involvement.The liver scan was primarily responsible for 8 of 9 false-positive liver evaluations.We conclude that as with the spleen scan, the liver scan has little value in the initial staging of Hodgkin's disease. Since liver function tests are also unreliable, it is clear that open biopsy is necessary in order to evaluate the liver more definitively. Even the latter technique is subject to the limitations of sampling procedures. One patient died of an acute myocardial infarction three months after staging laparotomy with negative liver biopsy. Hepatic involvement was found at autopsy. 4. Compare to other research Own result sup-ports other research 5. Conclusion 1 Result Restatement 5 Conclusion 2 5a Reservation Conclusion 2 Result supports reservation (5a) Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

21. 2 Research paper structure and language Step 2: Language matters if you want to publish! Webster Online http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ Information from Webster on grammar; linguistic and text composition exercises. Grammar levels: Word/sentence/paragraph Discourse levels: Research papers, essays Drop-down menus Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

22. 2 Research paper structure and language Online grammars and writing tools Webster Online: Transition between ideas - coherence • Addition • Comparison • Concession • Contrast (howeveritis) • Emphasis • Etc. Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

23. 2 Research paper structure and language Online grammars and writing tools Word/sentence level: Subject-verb agreement The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs. Neither of the 2 Two patients is seriously ill Power-point tutorials

24. Unknowingly incompetent Knowingly incompetent Unknowingly competent Knowingly competent 2 Research paper structure and language Know what you don’t know! Free advice: Know your tool box! Spend 30 min every day Likelihood – modal verbs Example: Modal verbs may tell what you expect Which ones? Can May Might Known knowledge! Any difference? Might ÷ May + Can ~ Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

25. 2 Research paper structure and language Buy – and use this book! 331 may and might: possibility Might is not used as a past form of may: both may and might are used to talk about the present or future. Might is mostly used as a less definite or more hesitant form of may, suggesting a smaller chance – it is used when people think something is possible, but not very likely Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

26. 2 Research paper structure and language Weekly exercise effort! Webster quizzes(//grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quiz_list.htm) Order of adjectives Position of adverbs Subjectverb match Otherfeee sites ESL http://a4esl.org/a/g5.html World Englishes http://www.world-english.org/ Med terminology https://www.sporcle.com/games/tags/medicalterminology Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22

27. Abstract manglerklartrækstruktur (fxBaggrund, Materiale/metoder, Resultater, Konklusion) Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaa KarkirurgiskAfdeling, Viborg rd Baggrundstræker for “lærebogsagtigt”. Forskningbørplaceretiaktualiseretramme med ekspliciteringaf dens relevansogbetydningi en eller to sætninger Der sættesbindestregmellem to adjektiver (tillægsord), hvisderesindbyrdes relation ertætogdeteneerafledtaf et verbum (udsagnsord) ("-ed"/-ent/-ing") Der sætteskommamellemhelsætninger, der erforbundet med konjunktion (bindeordfx "and"), med mindresætningerneerkorte (mindre end 5 ord) … or CALL for help! Formåletbørsignalereseksplicitvha. formuleringenThe aim ..is.. Jegsynes, du bør have en sætning om, hvormegetsvinogmenneskelignerhinandenmåske med tilføjelsentilsætningen: We used porcine HpHb because it exhibits a 82% sequence identity with its human counterpart Focus: - Structure - Clarity & correctness - Source language interference Form: - Track changes - Notes - explaining errors - suggesting change Denne sætningrummer, somjegserdet, resultater, hvilketbørmarkereseksplicit med ord, der visertrækkets function: The main results were that 2 Two Hp molecules dimerize.. I engelskbør man ividestmuligtomfang have parallelkonstruktioner, hvilketvilsige at elementernesrækkefølgeog form børvære den sammei de led, der stårparallelt – her stårdimerizeparallelt med form "-ing"-/"-ed"-former ibisætningerellerbiledskalkunnefinde sit subjektet (grundleddet) ellerobjekt (genstandsled) ihovedsætningen - indsæt "which" somerstatning for manglendehenførende led

28. 2 Research paper structure and language Appropriatetextstructure Purposeful languageusage Proper English language Design-specific guidelines Journal-specificinstructions Disciplinarymoveconventions + Publication success  ! = Comments/questions? mpi@termshare.dk +45 2617 4622 Morten Pilegaard – mpi@termshare.dk - (+45) 26 17 46 22