Industrialization

1. Industrialization

2. First Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution itself refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and factory. • The first industrial revolution was important for the inventions of spinning and weaving machines operated by water power which was eventually replaced by steam. • Samuel Slater who opened the first industrial mill in the United States in 1790 with a design that borrowed heavily from a British model. • Slater's pirated technology greatly increased the speed with which cotton thread could be spun into yarn. • First, an expanded system of credit: National Bank • Second, an improved transportation system: Erie Canal and the steamboat • "factory system" where work was performed on a large scale in a single centralized location. factory rules

3. Changes in Daily Life Advances in Transportation Innovation & Change Advances in Communication New Forms of Energy

4. Industrialization in America involved three important developments. • First, transportation was expanded. • Second, electricity was effectively harnessed. • Third, improvements were made to industrial processes such as improving the refining process, accelerating production, and interchangeable parts. • The government helped protect American manufacturers by passing a protective tariff.

5. Linking the Nation • Railroads expanded rapidly after the Civil War , the Government provided Railroads with land grants to create a network of railroads that would connect the United States. From 35,000 miles in 1865 to 200,000 miles by 1900. • The railroads would in turn sell the land along their tracks to settlers and real estate companies to raise the money they needed to build the railroad. • The settlers would then build towns and communities to settle the West. Combine this with legislation like the Homestead Act and the growth of the country was a certainty. • Transcontinental Railroad • Built by Union & Central Pacific Railroads • Central Pacific : Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins & Collis P. Huntington • Central Pacific hired about 10,000 Chinese • Union Pacific hired among others the Irish immigrants . • By linking the nation and populating the west it created new markets for goods and a way to get them there. • To make rail service safer and m ore reliable the country was divided into 4 time zones.(EST, PST, CST, MST)

6. By 1900 four other transcontinental railroads were completed. • The Southern Pacific: connected New Orleans with Los Angeles • The Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe: connected Kansas City and Los Angeles • The Northern Pacific: connected Duluth, Minnesota with Seattle, Washington • The Great Northern Railroad: connected St. Paul, Minnesota to Seattle, built by James Hill without federal subsidies • A financial Panic in 1893 forced ¼ of all railroad companies into bankruptcy • Bankers like JP Morgan took control of the bankrupt railroad companies and consolidated them into larger companies • The same groups of bankers sat on the board of directors for competing railroad companies • Essentially eliminated competition in the railroad industry

7. Improved Technology Bessemer Process: Like the Cotton Gin revolutionized cotton production , the Bessemer Process made it easier and cheaper to remove impurities from steel. Since steel is lighter , stronger and more flexible than iron the ability to mass produce steel changed the face of American buildings and bridges. Above & Right Chicago’s Reliance Building 1894 Left Brooklyn Bridge 1883

8. Inventions and Inventors 1896 1872 Morse Telegraph 1844 1858 Edwin L. Drake drills for oil in Titusville Pennsylvania struck oil 1859 1892 1872 Edison automatic Telegraph

9. Decline of Agrarian Society • From end of Civil War farm production had risen, so too did farmers debt as they bought machinery to increase production. • 1873 & 1893 both saw economic panics where businesses and farmers who over borrowed went under and unemployment soared. • Federal Tariffs hurt farmers in two ways: • First, manufacturers raised the price of manufactured goods making farm machinery more expensive. • In response Oliver Kelly founded The Patrons of Husbandry or the Grange : an organization which help farmers form cooperatives through which they bought goods in larger quantities at lower prices. • Second, Europe retaliated against our protective tariffs by imposing their own import tariffs on American farm goods. • The Money Problem was also a concern for farmers: • Supporters of inflation pushed for an increase in the money supply. • Supporters of deflation ( price of goods drop as a result of less currency in circulation) wanted a “tight money” policy of less currency in circulation. • Bimetallic Standard: currency consisted of gold or silver coins or US Treasury notes which could be exchanged for gold or silver. • 1873 Congress put the country on Gold Standard: limits the supply of money to amount of gold on hand.

10. Also in 1900, a journalist called Frank Baum published an allegory, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. A tornado lifts Dorothy and her dog out of their Kansas home and deposits them in the East. Dorothy and her companions set out on the “yellow brick” road to Oz , evoking an 1894 march by the unemployed demanding more money and work for the common people. On the way she picks up a scarecrow (farm worker), a tin man (factory worker) and a cowardly lion (William Jennings Bryan). The Emerald City (New York) is controlled by the Wizard of Oz who fools the Munchkins into not seeing how he and the bankers manipulate the levers of power. Monetary Policy Populists Party Platform 1.Increase circulation of money 2. Unlimited minting of Silver 3. Progressive income tax 4. Government ownership of communications and transportation systems. 8 hour work day to gain worker support.

12. In this political cartoon, the artist's message can be interpreted in two ways. • First it can be seen that the artist supported Bryan's side and silver as the basis for American currency. • Uncle Sam is clearly sinking in gold quicksand which represents how gold will get America's economy no where. • Plus the word silver is placed on a mountain which is higher round and therefore a safer route. • However, the cartoon can also be seen as a campaign for greenbacks that feel that silver might be a better alternative to gold, but both are poor choices. • At first look, the word silver seems to be the biggest word of the cartoon and the type of currency actually supported in this cartoon, but the mountain it is on has cracks. • The cracks could represent a bad foundation because silver is not the right choice for America. Caption reads “also popular during the election of 1896 were political cartoons.. Above is uncle Sam’s sinking in Gold quicksand from “Coin’s Financial School”.

13. TheGildedAge Mark Twain suggested that the decade after the Civil War was gilded because a façade of wealth thinly veiled the political and economic corruption plaguing American society. Pabst Milwaukee 5th Ave. NYC Samuel M. Nickerson Mansion at the corner of Erie and Wabash.

14. Rise of he Cities Ma, Ma…where’s my pa?He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…! On July 21, 1884 the Buffalo Evening Telegraph printed an article "A Terrible Tale: A Dark Chapter in a Public Man's History." This bombshell, subtitled 'The Pitiful Story of Maria Halpin and Governor Cleveland's Son,' detailed, according to Republican loyalist and pastor Reverend George H. Ball, how the rotund bachelor Cleveland "seduced" a Buffalo resident–and likely wanton woman–named Maria Halpin, who had his now ten-year-old son out of wedlock.

15.  Nast succeeded in creating a negative image of Boss Tweed.

16. In the late 1860s, William M. Tweed was the head of New York City's political machine (The term refers to the political organizations that dominated politics in American cities during the late nineteenth century. Machines, like Tammany Hall, were criticized for cultivating electoral support by distributing government jobs and contracts to voters and donors) • His headquarters, located on East 14th Street, was known as Tammany Hall. • He orchestrated elections, controlled the city's mayor, and rewarded political supporters. • His primary source of funds came from the bribes and kickbacks that he demanded in exchange of city contracts. • Eventually, rivals in the Democratic Party, who sought the spoils of office for themselves, turned on Tweed. • They provided evidence of his corruption to local newspapers, which eventually gave prosecutors the proof needed to convict Tweed. • Businesses hoping to recover money extorted by the Tweed Ring ( Tweeds inner circle including the Mayor and Comptroller of NYC) also sued the fallen boss. • Tweed reigned supreme. He controlled the district attorney, the police, the courts, and most of the newspapers. • He eventually fled the country, but was captured and returned. Tweed died in prison. William M. Tweed AKA Boss Tweed

17. BerhardGillam drew this political cartoon for the Puck Press in 1883, depicting a workman changed to a stake.

18. Laborers worked 14-16 hours a day • Paid $400-$500 a year • living costs estimated $800 a year. • mechanization reduced the cost for workers' • wages • workers were bound to the company because they lived in company housing and bought from the company store. • While the worker's wages went down, the prices for living remained the same. • when monopolies (Domination over a particular area of business or trade) came around, the owner could regulate the price as he wished. • workers began organizing labor unions. These unions fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter work days. • workers thought they would prevail through strikes and boycotts • employers were able to outsmart them: • by hiring scabs • Lockouts the employers also locked the doors to their plants to prevent laborers from reporting for work, • black listed many unionists, circulating a list to a series of employers, making it impossible for some laborers to be hired.

19. Robber Barons (an American capitalist of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales) Their less than ethical business practices insured Government’s Laissez- Faire (hands off) attitude towards business. Oil: John D Rockefeller Steel: Andrew Carnegie Railroads: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Collis Potter Huntington, Charles Crocker, Edward Henry Harriman, Jay Gould Finance: JP Morgan, Andrew W. Mellon, Jay Fisk, Jay Cooke Florida Railroads: Henry B. Plant, Henry Flagler Real Estate & Fur: John Jacob Astor Banking: Joseph Seligman

20. Reck-a-Fella • The cartoon shows Rockefeller as a giant, completely in control of the Supreme Court, as he is apparently putting bags of money inside the building. • His use of horizontal integration ( involved controlling one aspect of the production process. Rockefeller eventually controlled 90% of the nation's oil refining capacity. • He had enough money to make sure his supporters would be elected to powerful offices. • He controlled all the oil refineries thereby controlling oil production.

21. Carnegie was working to promote vertical integration (controlling all aspects of the production process.) • In Carnegie's case, he owned not just steel mills, but also coal mines, coke refineries, iron ore barges, and railways. • Carnegie was also working to get into other industries other than the steel industry as to expand his economic empire. • Carnegie like a true entrepreneur (one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business) arrived from Scotland with nothing and through his determination achieved success. The Gospel of Wealthan essay written by Carnegie 1889, in which he argued that the accumulation of wealth was beneficial to society and the government should take no action to impede it. Carnegie believed the rich were trustees of their money, holding it until proper public uses could be discovered.

22. The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900 What combination of factors resulted in rapid US industrial growth in the late 1800’s? Abundant natural resources • The US was its own source of the raw materials necessary for industrialization • Coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil • Abundant labor supply • High immigration between 1865 & 1900 • Increased supply of laborers and high demand for industrial jobs made labor cheap • Capital (wealth or money) for investing in American businesses • Laborsaving technological advances • 440,000 new patents were submitted by the US government from 1860 to 1890 Pro-Business government policies • Protection of private property • Federal subsidies, loans, and land grants for railroads • Protective tariffs • Very little federal regulation of business • Very low taxes on corporate profits

23. Corporations • Corporationbusiness organization which is licensed by a state with legal rights as a corporation separate from its owners. • It provides limited liability protection for the owners. • To raise capital the corporation may issue shares of stock (document that signifies partial ownership in a business and a proportional share of the company’s assets and profits. • The stockholder ( person who owns the stock) is provided with reports on how well the company is doing. • The stock can be easily traded on the stock market (The market in which shares are issued and traded either through exchanges or  sales)

24. Pullman Strike Lucy Parsons Anarchist the term describes the political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy Eugene Debs an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) also called the wobblies, and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists (an economic system in which the means of production are either state owned or commonly owned and controlled cooperatively; or a political philosophy advocating such a system) living in the United States. Albert Parsons

25. A “CompanyTown”: Pullman, IL

26. Rise of the Labor Movement Marxism: the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Marx; especially: a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society Haymarket Square Riot

27. Rise of the Labor Movement Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) was the first president of the American Federation of Labor, the first enduring national labor union. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor. As the Knights of Labor faded away, the AFL coalition gradually gained strength. Labor Unions: An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. Terrance Powderly leader of labor union. TheKnights of Labor(K of L) was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day. arbitration - (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)

28. Labor Force Distribution1870-1900

29. Immigration The Great Fear of the Period That Uncle Sam May be Swallowed by Foreigners: The Problem Solved” was published in San Francisco between 1860 and 1869 by White & Bauer a political cartoon publisher, created mainly for the English Americans who feared their jobs being replaced by immigrants.

30. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

31. Social Darwinism is an application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues. In its simplest form, Social Darwinism follows the mantra of "the strong survive," including human issues. This theory was used to promote the idea that the white European race was superior to others, and therefore, destined to rule over them. The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially social justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

32. The Chinese Exclusionary Act: In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. Gentleman’s Agreement: Under this agreement, the Japanese agreed to withhold passports from laborers intending to migrate to the United States. In return, the United States agreed not to formally limit Japanese immigration. Additionally San Francisco would rescind an order segregating Japanese children in the school system.

35. At the beginning of the 20th century the Italians were the main group entering the United states. Most Italians found unskilled work in America's cities. There were large colonies in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore and Detroit. From 1900 to 1910 over 2,100,00 arrived. Willing to work long hours on low wages, the Italians now began to rival the Irish for much of the unskilled work available in industrial areas. This sometimes led to hostilities breaking out between the two groups of workers. The Italians were also recruited into the garment industry and by the outbreak of the First World War had replaced the Jews as the main group in the sweated trades.In 1919 Woodrow Wilson appointed A. Mitchell Palmer as his attorney general. Worried by the revolution that had taken place in Russia in 1917, Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government. Palmer recruited John Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations. A. Mitchell Palmer claimed that Communist agents from Russia were planning to overthrow the American government. On 7th November, 1919, the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution, over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists were arrested in what became known as the Palmer Raids. Palmer and Hoover found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects were held without trial for a long time. The vast majority were eventually released but 248 other people were deported to Russia. This included a large number of Jews including Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman and Mollie Steimer.