KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

1. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

2. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP Adenosine Triphosphate adenine (nitrogen base) Ribose (sugar) Three phosphate groups

3. Starch molecule Glucose molecule The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

4. phosphate removed • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

5. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a lower energy molecule that is created by the removal of the phosphate group.

6. Carbohydrates are the most common molecule to be broken down for ATP • Fats store the most energy. - 36 ATP from 1 glucose • 80 percent of the energy in your body • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. • amino acids not usually needed for energy

7. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. • Plants and animals use ATP for chemical reactions • Plants are autotrophs (make their own carbohydrates) • Animals are heterotrophs (consume carbohydrates) If plants didn’t have Mitochondria, they could make food, but wouldn’t be able to use it!

8. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. • In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. • similar to photosynthesis • uses chemical energy instead of light energy

9. In photosynthesis, organisms make their own food using solar energy.

10. Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers (Autotrophs) make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

11. KEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

12. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast leaf cell leaf • In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

13. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (stacks of thylakoids) Stroma (fluid around the grana) grana (thylakoids) chloroplast stroma

14. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. • take place in thylakoids • water and sunlight are needed • chlorophyll absorbs energy • energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions • oxygen is released

15. The light-independent reactions make sugars. • take place in stroma • needs 6 carbon dioxide molecules from atmosphere • use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

16. The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 sunlight granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4

17. Chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants • Green light is reflected

18. Chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants • Chlorophyll a absorbs violet and red light • Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and red

19. Other pigments • Carotene (Xanthophyll)

20. Light Dependent Reaction • The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

21. Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons enter electron transport chain • water molecules are split • oxygen is released as waste • hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

22. Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. • chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons are used to make NADPH (e carrier) • NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions

23. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. • hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane • ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

24. Calvin cycle (dark reaction) • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

25. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle • energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged • some molecules are made into sugar • other molecules stay in cycle.

26. REVIEW RAP

27. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

28. KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

29. mitochondrion animal cell Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. • Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

30. Glycolysis must take place first. • takes place in cytoplasm • two ATP molecules are used to split glucose • four ATP molecules are produced • two molecules of electron carrier (NADH) produced • two molecules of pyruvate produced (net) pyruvate

31. Gycolysis is an anaerobic process (does not require oxygen). • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.

32. mitochondrion animal cell • Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

33. 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 • The first step of cellular respiration is the Krebs Cycle: • Pyruvate molecules from glycolysis enter • pyruvates are broken down inmitochondrial matrix • releases carbon dioxide as waste • makes 2 ATP and electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) that transfer energy to an electron transport chain Krebs Cycle

34. 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 • The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. • takes place in inner membrane (cristae) where oxygen enters process • Uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP in the mitochondrial membrane.

35. ATP synthase produces ATP • water is released as a waste product • The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to 36 molecules of ATP.

36. Cellular respiration makes up to 38 ATP from 1 glucose (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs Cycle, and 34-36 from electron transport chain).

38. The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

39. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. • The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available (aerobic). • Reactants: 2 ATP, glucose • Products: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules

40. KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Got Oxygen?

41. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable (anaerobic). • Fermentation does not make ATP.

42. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. • pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation • energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid • Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise • Also used to make cheese and yogurt

43. Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. • glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation • energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide • NADH is changed back into NAD+ • NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

44. Fermentation is used in food production. • yogurt • cheese • Bread

45. Aerobic vs Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Aerobic cellular respiration Adv: produces 36 ATP, long term energy supply Disadv: requires oxygen, slower process Anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) Adv: no oxygen, happens quick Disadv: only 2 ATP, muscle soreness