James M o n roe (A pril 28, 1758- July 4, 1831 )

1. James Monroe(April 28, 1758-July 4, 1831) By: Colleen Lynd & Katie Serron

2. Brief Background • 5th President of the United States 1817-1825 • Last President of the “Virginia Dynasty” • Born: April 28, 1758, Westmoreland County, Virginia • Nickname: "The Last Cocked Hat," "Era-of-Good-Feelings President" • Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase • Education: College of William and Mary (graduated 1776) • Religion: Episcopalian • Career: Lawyer • Political Party: Democratic-Republican • Writings:Writings (7 vols., 1898-1903), ed. by S. M. Hamilton; Autobiography (1959), ed. by Stuart G. Brown and Donald G. Bake • Married: February 16, 1786 to Elizabeth Kortright • Children: Eliza Kortright (1786-1835), James Spence (1799-1800), Maria Hester (1803-1850)

3. The “Era of Good Feelings” • Democratic-Republicans ruled nearly unopposed • No political battles • Sense of nationalism begins to outweigh pride in each individual state • People began to see themselves as “Americans” as opposed to “Virginians” or “New Yorkers” • Transitional period in which democracy and capitalism continued to form

4. Vice President • Daniel D. Tompkins(1817-1825) • Born:

5. Key Events • Purchase of Florida (1819) • Missouri Compromise(1820) • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Tariff of 1824

6. Foreign Policy • A generally peaceful time in history • Monroe Doctrine • Purchase of Florida Political Cartoon of the Monroe Doctorine

7. Purchase of Florida (1819) • U.S. troops march into Spanish Florida looking for runaway slaves • Native Americans attack Georgian border in retaliation • U.S. tells Spain if it cannot effectively look over Florida, then it should be ceded to the U.S. • Transcontinental Treaty: Spain cedes Florida as long as U.S. pays off Spanish debts and gives up Texas • Significant because extends land that was acquired during the Louisiana Purchase

8. Reasons for Monroe Doctrine • Russia explores and fur-traps south of Alaska • Russia builds Fort Ross close to Spanish San Francisco • 1821: Russian czar orders foreign ships to stay 100 miles clear of Russia’s American shores • Monroe makes sure that czar knows that colonizing south of Alaska is unacceptable (czar agrees) • Monroe fears that Austria and France, known as the Holy Alliance (along with Russia and Prussia), will send troops to the Western Hemisphere to help Spain regain its lost colonies in South America

9. The Monroe Doctrine • December 2,1823 • John Quincy Adams (nationalist) was the mastermind behind the doctrine • Warning to European Powers: noncolonization nonintervention • Claimed that the era of colonization had ended “hunting season” was permanently closed • Warned against foreign intervention • The United States would not interfere in European wars or internal affairs, and expected Europe to stay out of American affairs.

10. Effects of the Monroe Doctrine • United States began to emerge as a world power and was taken more seriously by European nations • Set a principle for foreign policy in the United States • Newly independent Latin American nations were able to focus on building up their countries without having to worry about wars with European powers

11. Domestic Policy • Missouri Compromise • Tariffs • Roads and Canals • Westward expansion • Native Americans relocated further west to the Great Plains area • Improved flow of commerce The Erie Canal was completed during Monroe’s Presidency

12. Reasons for the Missouri Compromise • Slavery was increasingly becoming a controversial topic in the USA • Most Northern states opposed slavery while Southern states still supported it • South’s economy depended on slave labor (cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco) • Territories created by the Land Ordinance of 1785 were ready to join the Union (because they met conditions set by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787)

13. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • Both Missouri and Maine were ready to be admitted into the Union as states • Problem: Who decides if these states are admitted as free states or slave states? • Maine wanted to be a free state • Missouri wanted to be a slave state • Northerners protested that if Missouri became a slave state it would set the precedent of territories becoming slave states

14. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • Maine admitted as a free state • Missouri admitted as a slave state • New states carved from the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri must be free states • Kept the ratio of slave states to free states even • Temporarily addressed slavery, but the long term problem of slavery was not alleviated by the Missouri Compromise

15. Map of Slavery by State after the Missouri Compromise

16. Tariff of 1824 • Also known as the “Sectional Tariff” • Controversial • Northern and Western states supported the tariff • Southern states were opposed • Rates on imports increased by up to 30%

17. North Supported tariff The manufacturing industry in the North and West would benefit from the tariff because domestic products would be in demand (foreign imports would be too expensive) Economy didn’t depend as much on foreign imports as the South did South Opposed the tariff Trade relationships would become imbalanced The South imported many products from Britain, and in turn, Britain imported Southern cotton and other staple crops (which was the main source of economic prosperity in the South) If the South imported less from Britain, as the tariff would ensure, the British would import less from the South, ruining the Southern economy Controversy Surrounding the Tariff of 1824

18. Positives Expanded country's borders (supported westward expansion, Missouri and Maine became states) Monroe Doctrine helped to assert power and settle disputes over intervention Dealt with slavery issues (part of Missouri Compromise) Economic growth U.S. became more independent and began to emerge as a world power Negatives Debated with Madison and Jefferson and almost always lost Tariff laws were not popular throughout the country (South especially) John Quincy Adams outshined him on several occasions Factors Influencing Rank of Monroe’s Presidency

19. Rank Among Other Presidents John Tyler Abraham Lincoln Franklin Pierce Martin van Buren Dwight D. Eisenhower Awful Bad Neither good nor bad Outstanding Good

20. The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20500 Monroe, James 1817-1825 Report Card Grade: President Counselor: Daniel D. Tompkins Grade Report Course Comment 8 Foreign Policy Grade is in the A range Domestic Policy Grade is in the A range Debate Class Grade is in the C range has trouble formulating a strong argument Developmental Skills Grade is in the A range Average: Term 1: A Term 2: A- Term 3: A Term 4: B+

21. Bibliography • DeSantis, Vincent P. "America and Europe, 1775-1992." SIRS Knowledge Source. Fall 1992. Organization of American Historians. 15 Oct. 2008 <http://sks.sirs.com/>. • Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. "Missouri Compromise." SIRS Knowledge Source. 1 Dec. 1991. 13 Oct. 2008 <http://sks.sirs.com/>. • Irwin, Ray W. Daniel D. Tompkins: Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States. New York: New-York Historical Society, 1968 • Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. Ed. Jean L. Woy. 12th ed. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 244-55. • Martin, Leisa A. "The Monroe Doctrine: critical thinking through the use of a commemorative coin." The Social Studies 98.3 (May-June 2007): 93(6). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. 15 Oct. 2008 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS>. • Monroe, James. Computer software. Microsoft Encarta. Encarta Reference Library DVD 2004. 2003. • "The Tariff Issue of 1824." Land and Freedom. 14 Oct. 2008 <http://www.landandfreedom.org/ushistory/us7.htm>. • "Tariff of 1824." Travel and History. 14 Oct. 2008 <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h970.html>.