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ENGL 102- Week 5

ENGL 102- Week 5. What did all the great thinkers have in common? . Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, Freud.

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ENGL 102- Week 5

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  1. ENGL 102- Week 5

  2. What did all the great thinkers have in common? Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, Freud

  3. All the great thinkers have had one thing in common. Look at pictures of Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, and Freud. What do you notice? They’ve all got beards. So the beards must give them great thinking ability.

  4. Weakness of Arguments For previous argument, X= Beard Y= Great thinking Possible Associations of X & Y • X & Y have no association Coincidence/ Neither necessary nor sufficient • Necessary condition • Sufficient condition • Necessary and Sufficient condition

  5. 1. Neither necessary nor sufficient Examples of Y w/o X

  6. 2. X necessary for Y If X is absent, Y will not occur. X= be fit Y= finish marathon * marathon is 42.195 Km* Does not mean if X is present Y will occur.

  7. 3. X is sufficient for Y If X is present, Y will occur (is true) X= oldest son of king Y= become next king Being oldest son of king is enough to become king, but it is not always requirement to become king.

  8. Do exercise on page 59-61

  9. Confusing causes and consequences Hot summer *Few vacations abroad Post Hoc argument= Because “B” happened after “A”, “A” caused “B”.

  10. Exercise 2- In pairs,try to create 2 examples.

  11. Cause-Effect ArgumentLook for other explanations. Financial Problems Bad experience Hot summer > Few vacations abroad

  12. Assumptions in the argument People plan to take vacations Current reservations reflect people’s intentions

  13. Cigarette Advertising Other explanations?

  14. Strength of Causal Arguments Read page 63 (bottom) & 64 (top) Which is stronger? Argument 1: No explanation of causal relationship Argument 2 is stronger

  15. Critiquing Arguments Is there sufficient evidence? Are there other plausible explanations? What is relationship between evidence? What are the assumptions? How could argument be made stronger?

  16. Group Activity- Write an argument that includes a causal relationship. Ask yourself the questions we just reviewed. Topics Education Health Government

  17. Attacking Arguer= Ad hominem Students should have 8a.m. study hall. This would reduce tardiness and make students finish homework Jared has stinky feet. We shouldn’t listen to him.

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