Islamic Trade Expansion and Cultural Diffusion Analysis

1. Islam Mini-summative • Move your desks into testing formation • Before you being your mini-summative you will need to complete the survey from Mrs. Gillies’ teaching. • You DO NOT need to place your name on the survey!

2. Bell work • What event(s) do you think is being shown in the map above? • What will be the impact of what is being shown on the regions in green (list at least 2)

4. Bell Work • Use the chrome books to look up the Islamic architecture information (10 min.)

5. Student Learner Outcomes • Students will analyze the expansion of existing trade routes from 600- 1450 (thinking and reasoning) • Students will demonstrate an understanding of the diffusion of culture throughout the trading networks (conceptual understanding)

6. Key Concept 3.1 • KC 3.1: A DEEPENING AND WIDENING OF NETWORKS OF HUMAN INTERACTION WITHIN AND ACROSS REGIONS CONTRIBUTED TO CULTURAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL DIFFUSION WITHIN AND BETWEEN VARIOUS SOCIETIES.

8. 1. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.

10. Language Diffusion

11. The World of Islam

12. Origins of Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities • Spread of Islam • Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain • Geographic extent of first Muslim empire • Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam • Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for “God”) • Qur’an (Koran): The word of God • Five pillars of Islam • Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, • including Moses and Jesus

13. Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires • Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived. • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. • Slavery was not based on race.

14. Cultural contributions and achievements • Architecture • Mosaics • Arabic alphabet • Universities • Translation of ancient texts into Arabic • Scientific contributions and achievements • Arabic numerals (adapted from India, • including zero) • Algebra • Medicine • Expansion of geographic knowledge

15. The Rise of Islam The Arabs • Arose in the Arabian Peninsula and influenced Western Asia and beyond. • They were a nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who lived in the arid climate of the Arabian Peninsula. • The environment was harsh, they were organized into tribes and were led by a sheikh who was chosen from a council of elders. The tribes were independent, but worked together

16. Islamic Caliphates • A caliphate is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph—a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. • Some of the most successful caliphates of this time are Rashidun, Umayyaad, and Abbasid.

17. Early Religion • Most Early Arabs were polytheistic, many recognized a chief, or supreme god who they called Allah which is Arabic for “God.” • Allah was symbolized by a sacred stone, each tribe had their own stone, but there was one central stone called the Black stone which was placed in the shrine called the Kaaba. • This shrine was located in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in what is now Saudi Arabia. Muslims who are willing and able make the hajj, a holy journey, to Mecca at least once in their lives.

18. Trade • The Arabian Peninsula became an important center for trade. The city of Mecca became rich from the caravan trade traffic which passed through the area. • The domestication of the camel enabled traffic to cross the deserts and as empires grew up in the region trade increased greatly. • As the merchants became rich from the Caravan traffic the poor people of the area suffered.

19. Islamic Law • After the death of Muhammad there were further interpretations of his teachings. These are known as the Hadith. There are different versions of the Hadith for different branches of Islam. • These teachings were further interpreted in the Shari’ah. This is a set of laws which regulate many aspects of Muslim life. It does not separate between church and state and covers family life, business, government, and moral conduct. • Muslims are expected to practice honesty and justice in dealing with others and are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior.

20. Islamic Architecture

21. Islamic architecture is in part comprised of those buildings and built environments intended for use in Islamic worship, commemoration, and instruction. Among the architecture of this group are mosques, madrasas or schools, mausoleums, and shrines. Islamic architecture may also be considered as the creation of patrons and builders who profess Islam or those that live in a region ruled by Muslims. These buildings can generally be described as secular, and include suqs (marketplaces), hammams (public baths), khans (inns), caravan series or roadside inns, palaces, and houses.

23. Journey of Ibn Battuta http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey

24. The Spread of Islam Through Architecture • So…how do we know that the Islamic Caliphate spread? • One way is through recognizing that Islamic Architecture is prevalent in many places geopgraphically

25. The Arab Empire and its Successors

26. Creation of An Arab Empire • After the death of Muhammad, unity was difficult to maintain. • The friend and father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr, was chosen to be the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad. • Abu Bakr helped to unify the Muslim world and expanded in Arabia and beyond. • Under the idea of jihad, or “struggle in the way of God” the early Muslims expanded their territory. The believed that defensive warfare was permitted by the Quran.

27. Arab Rule • The Arabs were now united and expanded their territory instead of fighting each other. • They defeated the Byzantine army in 636 taking the province of Syria. By 642 they took Egypt and by 650 they controlled the Persian Empire

28. Bell Work • Study the stimulus and answer the AP review questions

29. Student Learner Outcomes • Students will analyze the expansion of existing trade routes from 600- 1450 (thinking and reasoning) • Students will demonstrate an understanding of the diffusion of culture throughout the trading networks (conceptual understanding)

30. Sunni vs. Shi’a (Shiite) • Sunni Muslims supported the Umayyad Dynasty. They believe the Caliph does not need to be a direct descendant of Muhammad. • Shi’a Muslims supported Hussein and believe that the Caliph should be a direct descendant of Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and his grandson.

31. After Abu Bakr died there was conflict over who would be the next Caliph. The next two Caliphs were both assassinated. After that Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali was appointed Caliph, but five years later he too was assassinated.

32. Administration • Muslims administrators were fairly tolerant of the people they defeated. • Initially, both Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their religions, with some restrictions, because they were “People of the Book” who had written scriptures revealed to them by God before the time of Muhammad. Those who chose not to convert had to be loyal to the Muslim state and pay a special tax.

33. The Umayyad Dynasty • At the beginning of the eighth century Islam had expanded across northern Africa and had converted the Berbers (a pastoral people along the Mediterranean coast) to the faith. • By 710 combined Berber and Arab forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain and had taken most of the country by 725. In 732, however, the Muslim advance into Europe was halted at the Battle of Tours.

34. By 750 the Muslim advance came to an end. The southern and eastern Mediterranean and parts of the old Roman Empire were now Muslim territory. • The Umayyad Dynasty was centered in Damascus, in modern-day Syria and was wealthy. This was also a very diverse empire as many different peoples had been conquered in new territory. • The diversity helped lead to a split within the Islamic faith

35. The Umayyad Empire

36. A Split in Islam • Many non-Arab Muslims resent the favoritism which the Umayyad Empire showed toward Arabs. • The large empire was difficult to rule efficiently and there were financial problems as well.

37. The Revolt of Hussein • The grandson of Muhammad, Hussein, led a revolt against the Umayyad Empire in 680. • His solders defected and he was killed by an overwhelming Umayyad force. • This struggle led to a split within the faith of Islam between Sunni and Shi’a (Shiite) Muslims.

38. Umayyad Architecture Dome of the Rock

39. The Abbasid Dynasty • Amidst growing resentment toward the Umayyad Dynasty Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle, overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750 and est. the Abbasid Dynasty. • The Dynasty lasted until 1258 A.D.

40. Abbasid Rule • The Abbasids moved the capital of their empire to Baghdad. • This move increased Persian influence and changed Abbasid culture. • Under this dynasty the new heroes were judges, merchants, and government officials. • This dynasty did not favor Arab rule and the empire became more culturally diverse.

41. Harun al-Rashid • The greatest of the caliphs of the dynasty. This is called the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty (Caliphate) • He was known for his charity and was a great supporter of culture and the arts. • His son continued the tradition and supported the study of astronomy and began to translate classical Greek works into Arabic.

42. Trade • Baghdad became a major crossroads for trade. • This made the city very wealthy. • This also helped spread products and knowledge from the Middle East to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

43. Government Administration • The government of the Abbasids became more like a monarchy. • The bureaucracy which assisted the Caliph became more complicated. • In order to assist him the Caliph appointed a Vizier who was like a prime minister. • This man was the chief advisor to the Caliph and would help him run the government.

44. The Abbasid Dynasty

45. Decline and Division • There was great difficulty in the Abbasid Dynasty with imperial succession. • There was also financial corruption. • Caliphs began to recruit from non-Arab groups for government administration such as the Turks and the Persians. • These groups came to dominate the political situation.

46. Rulers of provinces began to break away and establish independent kingdoms. • Spain had an independent Caliphate at Cordoba which had been established in 750 by Umayyad rulers who fled the Abbasid Dynasty. • Morocco became independent. • The Fatimid dynasty was established in Egypt with the capital at Cairo in 973.

47. SeljukTurks and the Crusades • As the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt became more powerful they became the new center of the Muslim world. • One group which came to power in this region were the Seljuk Turks. • The Turks played a large role in the military and many rose through the ranks to gain a lot of political power.

48. The Turks were originally a nomadic people who converted to Islam and were great soldiers in the Abbasid caliphate. • As the Abbasids weakened, the Turks became stronger moving into the areas of Iran and Armenia. They eventually took over many Abbasid territories.

49. The Sultan • The Turks were ruled by a Sultan, meaning “holder of power.” • While the Abbasids were still a religious authority when the Turks captured Baghdad they were the military and political leaders of the state. • The Turks in the second half of the 11th century kept putting pressure on the Byzantine Empire. In 1071 they defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert and gained control of Asia Minor (Anatolian Peninsula) • In desperation, the Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help. This led to a series of wars known as The Crusades.

50. Student Learner Outcomes • Students will examine 3 non-Arab cultures that were disruptive and dynamic forces to Islam between 1000 and 1200 CE (Thinking and Reasoning). • Students will demonstrate an understanding of the diffusion of culture throughout the trading networks (conceptual understanding)