Freeze, “Reform and Counter Reform” Russia 1855-1890

1. Freeze, “Reform and Counter Reform” Russia 1855-1890

2. Describe Russia’s history of government- • Ivan III (the Great)– the Prince of Moscow establishes himself as the ruler of Moscow and instills a law code forged in Russian tradition • Ivan IV (the Terrible)- crowned tsar establishes law code and Moscow attacked again but by Crimean Tartars burn and run scorched earth defense. Role of the Orthodox Church • Russia looks East - ? • Peter the Great- travels Archangel to sample sea voyages and looks toward Azov. Travels to Europe. Founds St. Petersburg and Russia becomes a European nation • Catherine II (the Great)- War w/ Turkey and the Partition of Poland. Reform then Pugachev Rebellion • Alexander I – Education reform and addition of ministries to aid in governing. Napoleon visits Russia; Moscow burnt. Adds Georgia, Finland, partakes in the Holy Alliance, Land less emancipation of landless surfs, Decembrists Revolt

3. Nicolas I (1825- 1855)What were the problems of his rule? • Reaction to Alexander I’s reform & the Decembrists Revolt • Schools of thought: Orthodox, Liberal, & Libertarian p. 172 • Crimean War what do we know of this?

4. Who was the Great Reformer? -)His biggest reform was? • What was significant about the year 1861? In the US? • Why do this? What was the Mir? Get them off the land • What was the Master Plan for the narod? • Use of the term glasnost • What was the result of this reform? Peasants & Nobles

5. Other Great Reforms • Self Government- what is a Zemstvo? • Education? • “Arguably the most liberal reform” was? • A. . • B. . • C. . • D. . • Military • A. . • B. . • C. . • D. .. • Civic Government • Censorship • Russian Orthodox Church • What were the purposes of all the above reform and what put this reform in motion?

6. Economic Development • Describe the Communal Life in terms of: • Peasants • Agricultural gentry • the staple crop for their economy and the challenges in growing it • What hindered industrialization: • .. • .. • .. • ..

7. Society and Social ChangeDefine, answer or illuminate the following: • Did the nobility change? • Nobility of the pen • The bourgeoisie is first mentioned on p. 186 – what of it? • How did the Church change? • Who were the new professionals? • What was the importance of the Zemstvo? • The “largest most disprivileged, segment of society • Describe the condition of the proletariat • Women • Jews • Poles

8. The Revolutionary Movement • Chernyshevskii, What is to be Done? (1863) birth of the intelligentsia there goals and responsibilities • Lavrov, Historic Letters (1869) duty of the intelligentsia? ‘going to the people campaign’ 1874-6 resulted in the evolution of the intelligentsia into what? • 1879 birth of the ‘People’s Will’

9. Counter Revolution and Counter ReformI love the word crescendo in describing history • Failure of the Zemstvo Reform • Failure of Judicial Reform • Absence of strong traditional Russian Government forged by those with the ‘terrible’ or ‘great’ descriptors after their name • Russo-Turkish War 1877-8 another mess • Many seek further reform and even a constitution & national assembly • The appointment of Melikov as Minister of the Interior – repressive in nature and did not see Russia fitting into a Western styled government • Yet on March 1, 1881 Alexander II – the Great Reformer signed Russia’s first Constitution • He was blown up a few minutes later and succeeded by Alexander III who commenced bringing Russia under control and tearing up that Constitution his father signed.