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The Great Migration (Part 2) Delta State University Cleveland, Mississippi

The Great Migration (Part 2) Delta State University Cleveland, Mississippi. Alan P. Marcus, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Towson University Department of Geography Email: amarcus@towson.edu.

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The Great Migration (Part 2) Delta State University Cleveland, Mississippi

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  1. The Great Migration (Part 2)Delta State UniversityCleveland, Mississippi Alan P. Marcus, Ph.D.Assistant Professor Towson UniversityDepartment of Geography Email: amarcus@towson.edu

  2. Tinariwen (Tuareg people from Mali, Nortwest Africa):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ij7nm7UYpU&feature=related Tinariwen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcqlOq1cjjc Mississippi Fred McDowell: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2dKNgu0_z0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtlVSedpIRU&feature=related Rolling Stones (Sticky Fingers 1971): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCoQryE7-k&feature=related Black Keys (Junior Kimbrough tribute): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ku_nvKyUV0&feature=related

  3. 3 4 2 1 Diaspora, diffusion, distribution • Influences from Northern African Berbers (e.g.; instruments), music from the Middle East (e.g.; Arabic music, and Islamic monotone tone and cadence, calls for prayer), Syncretic musical and cultural movement in West Africa (animistic components). • West African slaves bring calls, field hollers, Blues in the Mississippi delta. • Post-world war radio station in UK, playing American music, mostly blues and jazz. London, Liverpool, and Newcastle. • When the Beatles arrived in US in 1964, Americans become familiar with black American music. The blues returned to the US.

  4. SPATIAL DIFFUSION • The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories • Two types -- Relocation diffusion -- Expansion diffusion

  5. Food Diffusion southern culture:later known as Soul Food Blues: Muddy Waters (from Mississippi To Chicago and then the world!)

  6. Great Resource: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Black History & Culture The African-American Mosaic http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam011.html

  7. “Chicago, Illinois. Newsboy selling the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro newspaper 1942” http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsa.8d03176/ “Narrating” the migration to the “Promised Land

  8. The geographic isolation and discriminatory school policies imposed on urban blacks gradually lowered the quality of their public education system and inspired the use of stopgap measures to solve such problems as overcrowding. For example, the Ida B. Wells housing project community center was used to alleviate overcrowding in the kindergarten classes of the Chicago school system. Ida B. Wells housing project, Chicago, Illinois, April 1942 Jack Delano, Photographer Photomural from gelatin-silver print FSA-OWI Collection Prints and Photographs Division (121)

  9. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_migration.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_migration.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/themap/index.html

  10. RELOCATION DIFFUSION • Sequential diffusion is a process in which items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas & relocate to new areas. • The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.

  11. RELOCATION DIFFUSION

  12. RELOCATION DIFFUSION

  13. EXPANSION DIFFUSION • The spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination • Two types -- Contagious Expansion -- Hierarchical Expansion

  14. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION • The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person • Analogous to the communication of a contagious disease

  15. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION

  16. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION

  17. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION

  18. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION • A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by “trickling down” from larger to smaller adopting units

  19. Hierarchy Highest Intermediate Lowest HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION

  20. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION

  21. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION

  22. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION

  23. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION

  24. The diffusion to the UK, the influence of delta in rock and roll: • Lonnie Donegansinging “Jack o Diamonds” and other songs made popular in UK in the 1950s – keep in mind these were all songs mostly by Leadbellyand traditional African-American songs from the Deep South, some about “bad men” such as Stagolee, andO’Riley, and John Henry – who in the songs would take a stand against authority (resistance?). Donegan changed his first name from Tony to Lonnie, in honor of Lonnie Johnson, a 1930s bluesman, who’d been in England on a tour (as early as 1917!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O4qkHMv678&feature=related • Quarrymen (1957) when Paul met John: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSGvznibHdA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSdgFc5g4f0&feature=related • Early Jimmie Page (years before Led Zeppelin – influence of Skiffle): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKUyHpoWnT4 • (Skiffle craze in UK) *Back to the US. Think: DIFUSSION and MOVEMENT

  25. 1950s and 60s – Diffusion of Rock’n’Roll and Blues – start of the SKIFFLE CRAZE (blues, trad. And Leadbelly songs) Discarded from the US and welcomed in the UK http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sBpayeHBY0&feature=related Bill Wymans’ Blues Odyssey. The Impact open G tuning – diffusion (queue at 2:40mins) Lonnie Donegan’s 1956 hit (a Leadbelly song): “Rock Island Line”

  26. Newcastle Animals Beatles Gerry &the PaceMakers, The Hollies Liverpooll London Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Who, The Yardbirds

  27. 1960s– “British Invasion” - Brought US American music “home” and Americans heard it as if it were listening it for the first time

  28. Note the influence of OPEN G tuning, and delta blues style of playing, and, characterstic of blues songs: three stanzas, first two repeat -rhymes, and cadence – structure of blues (also listen and read lyrics to: “Just can’t keep from crying sometimes”, by Blind Willie Johnson). Take for example, the Everly Brothers’ “Wake Up Little Suzie”, here seen playing “Open G tuning” - Don Everly learned this tuning from Bo Diddley (a Mississippian), and Everly, in turn taught it to Keith Richards (Rolling Stones), who later used this tuning on most Stones classic songs (e.g.; “Can’t you hear me knocking,” “Honky Tonk Women,” “Start me up,” etc.)….these being only just one of many ties, of course, between the Rolling Stones and blues (one being that the band is named after a Muddy Waters song “Rolling Stone”): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rsix-xK7S20&feature=related

  29. The Descendants of Confederates. Santa Barbara D’Oeste, São Paulo An estimated 20,000 Confederates from the USA emigrated to São Paulo, Brazil, right after the Civil War. It was the biggest political exodus in U.S. history.

  30. The story of Robert Johnson: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RNGZMh3TDQ Mississippi Delta Blues Bar– past logo was a confederate flag, with a poster of a local LynyrdSkynyrd cover band: http://www.deltabluesbar.com.br/index.php Mississippi Delta Bar:http://www.msdelta.com.br/

  31. CULTURE • Definition: Shared patterns of learned behavior • Components: • Beliefs • Institutions • Technology

  32. CULTURE HEARTH • The source areas from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that change the world beyond

  33. Julian Huxley/Leslie White3-part structure of cultural subsystems:(1) Ideological (mentifacts): mythologies, legends, philosophy, language/religion(2) Technological (artifacts): Tools, objects, housing, clothes(3) Sociological (sociofacts): interpersonal relations, military, politics, economics.

  34. Culture is learned, it is not biological/genetic

  35. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE • The composite of human imprints on the earth’s surface. • Carl Sauer’s definition: “the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by the activities of man”

  36. the Lebanese in the Delta:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18547399Mississippi Chinese: http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/86/mississippi-chinese-an-ethnic-people-in-a-biracial-societyMississippi Italians:http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=50371535793#!/group.php?gid=50371535793&v=wallDelta Jews:http://www.amazon.com/Delta-Jews-Alfred-Uhry/dp/B000A26M5U

  37. Compare original blues versions with later versions Examples of cultural diffusion – from the Mississippi Delta, from black America to the UK and back to the US –adapting, adopting, changing and editing according to forces of the industry and illustrating geographical movement from point of origin to point of destination.What other contemporary versions can you find which are blues songs originally? 1.Original Version….Robert Johnson “Love in Vain” (1938): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfPxAF8BM Rolling Stones version (live 1969): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk7_GOpz528 2. Original Version Robert Johnson: “Cross Road Blues (1938): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD2jXjV9Z8A Cream version (1968): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejPi8D8LFnI&feature=related 3.Original version….Big Mama Thornton “Hound Dog”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_nNNIYTy9g&feature=related Hound dog 1956 Elvis version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOvUdZgl7vo&feature=related 4.ORIGINAL version….Big Joe Turner “Shake and Rattle and Roll” (note the original lyrics were edited in later versions): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Feq_Nt3nM Bill Haley and his Comets (note the “sanitized "for white audiences): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQweaS328bc&feature=related Elvis version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCBT7PfAEgc 5. ORIGINAL version….Little Richard “TuttiFrutti” (1956): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7pjP_XkK4U Pat Boone (marketing the same song for “white” audiences – devoid of dancing in Richard’s style): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vv-LAbMbEn4 6.ORIGINAL version….Muddy Waters, “I just want to make love to you”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnlvHP1AXPo Rolling Stones: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMaN2ljz1OU Foghat, 1970s band version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziiDkT165zI&feature=related Also, their almost identical song “Slow Ride” 1970s hit, a virtual carbon-copy of the same song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcCNcgoyG_0&feature=related\

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