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Pinedale anticline, WY

Pinedale anticline, WY. US oil fields from above. 7 reasons why oil is rare. Oil & NG Extraction. “Wildcat” test wells (90% duds, lose $ but write-off ) Drill bit, “mud”, casing, directional drilling, blow-back control, flushing (9:1 water:oil ), “ fracking ” tight reservoir

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Pinedale anticline, WY

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  1. Pinedale anticline, WY

  2. US oil fields from above

  3. 7 reasons why oil is rare

  4. Oil & NG Extraction • “Wildcat” test wells (90% duds, lose $ but write-off) • Drill bit, “mud”, casing, directional drilling, blow-back control, flushing (9:1 water:oil), “fracking” tight reservoir • Definition/appraisal wells (bottom/sides) once outlined the pay zone • 3D seismic + simulations • 1st extraction gets < 30% of oil in place (OIP) • 2nd : Repressurize by injecting water/nitrogen gas. Pushes oil to wells, recovery boosted to ~50% • Tertiary recovery: inject detergents/steam/CO2 • Finally remove NG cap, stranding 30-40% oil

  5. Well types & drill bits

  6. Draining Oil/NG Field 1’ 3 1

  7. Other examples Collapse Nitrogen injection

  8. N. American Oil (NG) frontiers • Deep Gulf of Mexico • Shale Oil (horizontal drilling) & “tight gas” • Not a recent technical breakthrough, merely sustained high oil prices • Unsustainable mode of natural gas extraction • $5 M for fracking after $4M drilling / well • Canadian Tar (“Oil”) Sands (in situ processing) • Arctic Ocean Shelf (horizontal drilling) • East Coast

  9. Off-shore oil infrastructure Off-shore drilling platform sequence • Extremely expensive, so big rush to move to next well • Reservoirs highly pressurized so fade rapidly • Oil very hot but deep water cold, so de-pressurized NG forms methane hydrate ices

  10. up to 1994 X

  11. “Tight” Oil in shale (animation) • Mobilized by “fracking”

  12. Oil field pyramids Field size Flow rate Many produce < 10 bbls / day Many are > 60 yrs old

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