The high middle ages: high times, low times

1. Natalie, Kaitlin, and Bryan Chapter 8 The high middle ages:high times, low times

2.  Transition was a big part of the first thousand years of Christian history. The renewal began at the monastery in the 900's. At this time, the Roman Nobel's were more involved and in control of the Holy Roman Emperors. A this point in time, the pope was hardly a leader in spirit.    The powerful forces were changing in the west, trying to create a different European look. From the periods of 1000 to 1300's, that's when the major features of the world were changing and reshaping. This is known as the high middle ages.Urban cultures on the rise •  Ever since the Roman Empire collapsed due to the assault of the Barbarians, civilization has thought of Western Europe as a rural place. At the time the region had a few cities and little trade. People could hardly live because Europe was economically down at this specific time.The Monastic spur to urban growth •  Order and tradition is a huge fact that has helped the dark ages pull though with much respect. The monasteries also helped the farms and towns by providing agriculture and rural growth to the cities and towns.The growth of trade and crafts •  Many people migrated through Europe looking for occupations. Due to the fact that Europe had lots of administration, it provided tons of jobs for people to work in agriculture. Most towns were surrounded by cathedrals that were under some sort of construction. Workers with various skill traits came to Europe where their were enough employers to hire them or enough people to purchase their goods and services.Eventually as the towns population grew, many employers formed Guilds, which can relate to being forerunners of the trades. The guilds mean that workers were getting trained at the same time as other former workers and got the same fair price. The trades has rose extremely high in Europe, and the supply for money is obviously increasing. Earlier, Christians were teaching usury, which is charging interest on loans of money. Due to the Jews not allowed on certain land, the money-lending fell short.

3. Kings and Nations on the rise     A changed government eventually was made after 1000 years when the kings grew stronger. During this time power became more centered and stable in the hands of the kings. Although many of the nobles still had their power. During this change since kings became strongest in certain countries like England and France; these countries were often referred to as emerging nations. Larger nations means a larger territory which then leads to an independent government.    During the 12th century, the king of England added the Western part of France. This ruling of this specific part of France by the monarchy set many issues between the two. Conflict between English and French Christians has developed over the years.    Meanwhile, in Eastern France the king of France was trying to give strength and hope to his authorities. Usually, the French king was only able to control a small area around Paris. Due to the lack of land, the king also didn't have much power. The trick was to conquer small pieces of land at one time; which is exactly what King Philip Augustus accomplished. If he did not conquer a certain town he would make treaties with these towns by offering men and money. The king was now setting in strong his power as chief and not just a regional leader.      Since 962, the time when the pope was crowned the German Emperor "Otto I", each ruler which was German considered himself a champion to Charlemagne as empire of the Holy Roman Empire. With that role, the German king was expected to have protection on the pope. The only problem was that there seemed to be a special relationship with the empire and papacy, which soon had to come to a close.

4. The Church Institutions Flourish • As we have viewed in the past the feudal period; the appointment when the popes were largely in control by civil rulers. The reform of the Cluny changed some of that but the pope still had a relatively weak position. Although during the High Middle ages; power was seen by the pope like never before. Due to this power additions like major church institutions were growing -- as well as the cathedrals and universities that have blossomed from them. Therefore, the High Middle Ages brought both growth and church to the present society.

5. A Reforming Papacy and Clergy • The Battle over Lay Investiture • In 1073, Gregory VII, also known as Hildebrand, became pope. He wished to free the church from secular control. The pope ruled against Lay investitures by “investing” them with power and requesting their loyalty. • However the German Emperor Henry IV opposed to the popes ruling • After Pope Gregory’s death, controversy still continued until 1122 was overlayed by the Concordat of Worms. A Strong Papacy • Pope Gregory had staked out a strong position for the papacy, even after his death. • Innocent III, was the most powerful of the medieval popes. • Centralized power ensured that there was a unity of action that the popes would need when they faced kings more powerful whenever.

6. Papal Elections • An important was a reformed establishment during the middle ages known as the College of Cardinals. It was a group of bishops from the area around Rome that would meet to elect the pope by a two-thirds vote. • Often times the popes would be elected by the people of Rome. (Modernized College of Cardinals is composed of male bishops from around the world). Reform for Priests • Celibacy was very important to the reforming of priests, because sexual intercourse was incompatible with someone of the clerical state. • The church also tried to institute reforms as well by limiting the official sacraments to seven. • Priests were also to be trained in cathedral schools before ordination.

7. The church divided, Zeal Misguided The split between east and west • There has always been tension between the Greek speaking Church (the east), and the Latin Speaking (the west), this tension goes many centuries back. A Build-up of Differences

8. A Build-up of Differences • InconoclastControversy - During the 700’s, a controversy had raged through the Eastern Church, even pulling the pope into dispute. • The Byzantine emperor decided that devotion to, or reverence for, icons-crucifixes, statues, paintings, and mosaics- was actually idolatry, and that all religious images should be destroyed in the eastern and western churches. The emperor went on a rampage, and the ones who wanted these images preserved prevailed. With this more pressure was placed on the already strained relationship between the EAST and the WEST.

9. The final Break • All these issues served to create harsh feelings and strained relations between the eastern and western seats of the Church. The final break came in 1054. From 1054 onward, the two churches continued to develop in different directions, independent of each other. The Folly to the Crusades • Shortly after the split the Byzantines emperor sent a request to pope Urban II for help against the Turkish Muslims who invaded their territory. The pope responded by calling a Crusade that would free the Byzantines land and also on the Saracen Muslims who occupied the holy land.

10. To Save the Holy Land • Muslims occupied and controlled Jerusalem; the Christians believed force would be the only way to retrieve their land back. • It was difficult for the Muslims to control the land while they had Christians passing through because pilgrimages.Arab Muslims allowed these Christians to travel though the territory they held. BUT the Turkish Muslims did not and Christians who pilgrimage to the land would get attacked. • In retrospect, historians view the crusades as a case of good intentions turned into a disaster.

11. Military and Moral Failure • A second Crusade was sent to fight some territory the Muslims had regained. Not long after the Muslims reclaimed the land that the First and Second Crusades had fought for. • A third Crusade was sent under the joint of King Richard “The Lion -hearted”, of England, and the kings of France and Germany. This Crusade regained a tiny strip on the coast of Palestine, but many knights fell to the devastation or casualties and disease. • A fourth Crusade was sent out to regain the land . But to raise money for transporting themselves in ships, the knights agreed to “stop off” on Constantinople, which wasn’t under Muslim control, on their way to the holy land. There they could earn a handsome fee for retrieving the throne by force for a Byzantine emperor who had been deposed by rival faction. • The Crusaders ended up taking over the city of Constantinople and began to loot and pillage it. They broke into churches and stole precious shrines.   • So separated had the east and the west become that Christian Knights vandalized the most beautiful Christian city in the world.

12. With all this Pope Innocent was raged with frustration because his army was out of control. • The Crusaders began to set up a Latin Kingdom around Constantinople even appointing Latin Patriarch and importing Latin Priests and monks. • The Greek Christians were against the Christians of the west and the pope who led them. • Later leaders of the East would seek reunion with West for what they had done. The split of the Christian Church seemed irrevocable.

13. Heresy and Inquisition     The crusaders battled Muslims and each other, the church was also battling another problem back in the Western Europe, in south France. This was known as the Albigensians.  Which were named after the small town of Albi. Involved in the Albigensians, there is a secret minority which are referred to as "the perfect ones."    One reason that the Albigensians grew in size was due to the christian clergy in the monastereies being extremely wealthy, many of the Albigensians were taught that the more positive way to have freedom from life was itself evil which was the commitment of suicide. During this time many priests became members of the local churches and joined the heretics.    For more than 50 years church leaders didn't acknowledge the Albignensians people, but during the 1200's the pope acted on the policy.     - Many people during the high middle ages considered heresy a great evil. - When an assassination had taken place the pope had to take action. He had sent a military crusade after the Albignensians but it didn't work out so well, after that the pope ended up initiating the Papal inquisition

14. The roots of the inquisition • Many people during the high middle ages considered heresy a great evil. • During these times fear with heresy was a huge issue and had the impact of damaging civilization apart. •   Anyone who really tried to tear about the harmony of the Christian church was considered a traitor. • until about year of 1150, all people suspected of heresy were eventually prosecuted by the authorities of civil rights. • When an assassination had taken place the pope had to take action. He had sent a military crusade after the Albignensians but it didn't work out so well, after that the pope ended up initiating the Papal inquisition.- After that local bishops were able to run there own inquisitions.(inquiry)

15. An inquisition Based in Rome • -The papal inquisition began in 1232 by Pope Gregory IX. The final purpose of this was to find out who the heretics were and also to make them give up their heresy.-  The inquisition was fear into men and women but a lot of the people just accepted it as evil good evil.-  Christians today look at the inquisition a shameful part of their past and a distortion of their faith.    However, the inquisition does knowledge us with how easily religious and good intentions can be turned around into something great with horrible results.

16. Mendicant Friars:From the Monasteries to the Streets • Albigensiansset themselves apart from materialism and the corruption they found in the clergy and monasteries. • Two religious groups are recognised for recognising the need to renew the spirit of poverty and simplicity; Order of Preachers and the Order of Friars Minor). • They were constantly on the move, teaching preaching, living off what people gave them for their efforts. Dominic’s Preachers and Teachers • Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221) was a young priest andthe founder of the Dominicans (Order of Preachers) or Black Friars. • His purpose at first was to convert the Albigensians, to do so he gathered a group of men that dedicated themselves to preaching and teaching.

17. Francis’s Little Brothers and Sisters • Francis of Assisi (1181-1226,a very popular saint) was the founder of the Franciscans. • He lived a life as the son of a wealthy silk merchant but after having visions of Christ, began to live as a poor man. • Helping and taking care of the sick and needy • The poor lifestyle that Francis followed was not easy for his Friars. • Despite misunderstanding the pope approved the Franciscan Rule, Which had ideals of living a simple life and a total trust in God. The Poor Clares • Francis’s life and Gospel witness did not only catch the eye of men but as well as a woman named Clares. • Clares founded the first of many women’s orders that would follow Francis’s ideals. • The Poor Clares is the name given to the group of sisters that Clare kept the inspiration of the Total trust in God. • Clares closeness with god had drawn popes and bishops to seek Clares Advice on Important matters.

18. Thomas Aquinas Mendicant Scholar • The greatest scholar to emerge out of this period was the Dominican Thomas Aquinas • He studied all of his life and was persistent on his religious studies Thomas was able to show that God’s revelation is not contrary to reason, that in fact we can know some truths about God by using our minds. • Thomas was the right person at the right time, that is, his genius brought from various sources gave it a method- philosophical reasoning.