The European Middle Ages

The European Middle Ages Invasions Feudalism Crusades A NTIQUITY M ODERN TIMES 500 Middle Ages 1500 Medieval Church Control Plague

The European Middle Ages Germanic Invasions Second Wave of Invasions Church Challenges and Power Feudalism Warfare Establishment of France and England Crusades, Plague and Hundred Years’ War ATTEMPT to Establish an Empire

While the Byzantine Empire advances in the East, the Western part of the Roman Empire is invaded by Germanic Tribes scattering across conquering various regions of Western Rome. As time passed, the tribes began to war with each other for territorial control.

Germanic Invaders Bring Change How would the lives of Romans have changed as a result of the invasions? Do invasions impact the lives of people today? Where? How?

The Middle Ages While the Western Roman Empire dissolved, small kingdoms sprang where Germanic tribes conquered land. About 500 - 1500

Middle Ages Middle Ages = Medieval = Dark Ages • Germanic Invasion & Warfare = • Disruption of Trade • Cities declined • Money was scarce • Downfall of Cities • Abandoned as centers of administration • Population Shifts • People retreated to the rural areas • Need to grow food • Europe’s population became rural

Middle Ages Decline of Learning *Germanic invaders could not read or write. *Roman levels of learning dropped with rural shift. *Mostly only priests could read or write. *Germanic invaders had no written language.

Middle Ages Loss of Common Language *Germanic tribes mixed with Romans greatly changed Latin. *New dialects developed. *French, Spanish, & other Roman-based languages developed. (Romance Languages)

Middle Ages Emergence of Germanic Kingdoms Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces. *Kingdom’s boundaries changed with war. Government changed *Personal ties & personal loyalty bound Germanic people rather than citizenship. *They lived by unwritten rules and traditions. *Chiefs were supported by a band of warriors. It became impossible to have a single government for the Germanic peoples.

Middle Ages Clovis – Germanic Leader of Gaul Clovis # converted to Christianity. # was supported (military aid) by the Roman church # united the Franks into one kingdom. (Gaul) # greatly strengthened the Merovigian Dynasty THIS ESTABLISHED A BOND BETWEEN RULERS AND THE CHURCH.

Middle Ages Clovis Monasteries – religious communities for monks built in the rural areas. Convents – religious communities for nuns built in the rural areas. Lives devoted to prayer and good works.

Middle Ages POPE GREGORY I Broadened the authority of the papacy beyond the spiritual role. Papacy became secular. (worldly) Papal palace was the center of Roman government. Claimed responsibility from Italy to England, & Spain to W. Germany.

Middle Ages Charles Martel Charles Martel– “Charles the Hammer” * Descendent of Clovis * major domo - mayor of the palace * Most powerful person in the kingdom * Extended the reign of the Franks BATTLE OF TOURS MARTEL DEFEATED MUSLIMS IN SPAIN TO STOP THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN TO EUROPE, MAKING MARTEL A CHRISTIAN HERO.

YES NO Charlemagne Totally Looks Like The Burger King

Middle Ages Pepin the Short • Son of Charles Martel • Wanted t o become king • Helped the church/ pope by fighting the Lombards • For the help he gave the pope, Pepin the Short was crowned (by the pope) “King by the Grace of God” Pepin began the reign of the Carolingian Dynasty

Middle Ages Charlemagne – “Charles the Great” Son of Pepin the Short • Built an empire greater than any since Rome • Conquered lands • Spread Christianity • Most powerful king in Western Europe • Crushed those who attacked the pope

Middle Ages Charlemagne ~ crowned by Pope Leo III, “Roman Emperor” ~ established the joining of the government, (Charlemagne) church, (power of the pope) and the heritage of the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages Charlemagne’s Empire

Middle Ages Charlemagne’s Heirs - Louis the Pious, son, weak ruler - Grandsons inherited the kingdom from Louis ~ fought for the empire ~ civil war ended with the signing of the Treaty Of Verdun * divided Charlemagne’s empire into three kingdoms * greatly weakened the empire * central authority was lost

Middle Ages The breaking up of Charlemagne’s empire made it weak and susceptible to invasion. 2nd Wave of invasion Vikings Magyars Muslims

Middle Ages VIKINGS (Northmen & Norsemen) Came from Scandinavia Worshiped warlike gods Terrorized Germany and Italy Came to Europe as Raiders - struck quickly and retreated - used war ships that could sail in 3 ft. of water! - went inland to raid villages

Middle Ages Vikings Vikings as Traders - established trade through and even outside of Europe. - established some farming communities as part of the trade network Vikings as Explorers - Leif Ericson, first to reach N. America - colonized in Canada

Middle Ages Magyars and Muslims Magyars- Turkish nomadic tribes who captured Europeans to sell as slaves. Muslims– struck from the south. They tried to conquer and settle European lands.

Middle Ages Charles the Simple Rollo the Viking Leader This set up a system of loyalty for land = feudalism Charles the Simple and Rollo, the Viking King Charles granted Rollo large portion of French land, known as Normandy on the promise that the Vikings would stop attacking. Rollo swore loyalty to Charles the Simple.

Middle Ages Feudalism- the form of government during the Middle Ages. Manor System – the economy of the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages Feudalism King Nobles and Churchmen Knights Peasants/ serfs The feudal system was based on mutual obligation. lord (landowner) granted fief (land) protection vassal (receiver of the land) & serfs (people who couldn’t leave the land)

Middle Ages The Manor System – The Economy • Functioned on rights and obligations between lord and serfs The lord provided housing, farmland, and protection from bandits IN RETURN The serfs tended the lord’s land, tended to the lord’s animals, and maintained the lord’s estate. Also the serfs paid the lords a certain portion of their produce, called a tithe SELF CONTAINED Lord’s house, workshops, church Very little trade ( salt, iron, etc.)

Middle Ages Age of Chivalry – Knights would defend the earthly lord, heavenly lord, and chosen lady. Improvements in warfare saddles stirrups caltrops trebuchet mangonel

Middle Ages Chivalry – code of conduct for knights Page – at 7, he began training at the manor of another lord. Acted as servant and learned courtly manners. Developed fighting skills. Squire – at 14, he acted as servant to the knight. He took care of the knight’s armor, weapons, and horse. Escorted the knight into battle. Knight – at 21, he became a professional warrior. Tournaments – practice for knights and entertainment for noblemen.

Middle Ages Epic Poems – Songs of Roland. Troubadours – Court musicians. Illumination - Illustrated lettering for written works. Stained Glass – Used in churches to illustrate stories from the Bible to peasants who could not read.

Song of Roland Song of Roland

Middle Ages Women in the Middle Ages Noble Women – object of admiration, poems, and love songs. Could manage the estate, send knights to war, and acted as defenders of the castle. Poor Women – roles limited to home and convent All Women - Considered inferior by the church Eleanor of Aquitaine – sought by the troubadours and later served as the Queen of England. She was the mother of Richard the Lionhearted and King John

Middle Ages In about 500, the church sought to influence both spiritual and political matters. Pope Gelasius I recognized the conflicts that could arise between the two great forces: The Church and the State “There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.” The Pope holds a spiritual sword. The emperor wielded a political one. If each ruler kept the authority in his own realm, Gelasius suggested the two leaders could share power in harmony.

Middle Ages Church Power in the Middle Ages Church & Political Leaders Competed for Power Authority of the Church *Influence in both political & spiritual matters *Conflict over the authority of the pope in government matters *Conflict over the government’s role in spiritual matters

Middle Ages Church in the Middle Ages The Age of Faith Unifying Force • No class divisions were acknowledged by the church • Provided a sense of security and community to all people • ~ hope of heaven • ~ receiving the sacraments for salvation

Middle Ages Canon Law The law of the church • ~ applied to all people the same • ~ church courts established to judge violations of canon law • ~ punishments could include Excommunication – banishment from the church Interdiction – sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king’s land

Middle Ages Otto I *formed a close alliance with the church *gained power by support of bishops and abbots *invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf *pope crowned Otto I emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Middle Ages Pope and Emperor Clash The church resented control the emperor (Otto I) had over the clergy and clerical offices. Lay Investiture – king or emperor appoints church positions such as bishops; whoever controlled lay investiture wielded the real power in naming bishops.

Middle Ages Henry IV *with the support of bishops he had appointed, called pope Gregory VII a “false monk” *ordered him to resign as pope Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV “Showdown at Canossa” Henry IV Journeyed over the snowy Alps and stood at the gates of the castle to beg the pope for forgiveness Pope Gregory VII under canon law had to forgive him (after 3 days) Lay investiture still remained undecided.

Middle Ages Concordat of Worms Gregory & Henry successors continued to fight over lay investiture. Met in Worms, Germany to settle the issue. The Decision - “The church alone could appoint bishops, but the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment.”

Middle Ages Frederick I Named ruler of Germany (Barbarossa) Because he continued to attack Italy he angered the pope Lombard League Those who opposed Frederick Defeated by his enemies Frederick was drowned in one of the Crusades German States Became fragmented feudal states

End of the Middle Ages Church Problems • Monasteries looted by Vikings, destroying centers of education • Priests could barely read • Moral decay within the priesthood, priests marrying and having families • Materialism and greed within the church organization & leadership

End of the Middle Ages Need For Change Within The Church Immorality of Clergy Selling of Church Positions (simony) Government Officials Granting the Position of Bishop to Political Supporters (lay investiture)

4. End of the Middle Ages The Church – Revival and Reform Cluny Reforms began about 1,000 ~ spread throughout Europe ~ desire to return to basic Christian teachings ~ supported by some popes ~ called the Age of Faith, a new age of religious feeling ~ new religious orders such as the Franciscans, led by St. Francis of Assisi and the Poor Clares

End of the Middle Ages2 Church Changes – Reorganization Pope – head of the church Papal Curia – papal court developed canon law Bishops – oversaw groups of churches and priests Priests – leaders of local congregations LONGEST LASTING INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE IN HISTORY ============================= Church began collecting tithes (10% of one’s income) Church began providing social services Church established hospital services

End of the Middle Ages Building of Churches in Europe Romanesque – 800 – 1100 arches, heavy roofs held up by thick walls, round columns and small windows that let in very little light Gothic - built in the 1100’s pointing to heaven large stained glass windows allowing abundant light Gothic Church

End of the Middle Ages The Church Divided – The Story of Three Popes • 1300’s Pope Boniface VIII tried to enforce papal authority on king Philip II of France when King Phillip II asserted his authority over French bishops. • Philip resisted the Pope’s authority • Pope Boniface issued a papal bull – “salvation is dependent on subjection to the Roman pope” (basically saying that kings must always obey popes) • Philip had Pope Boniface arrested, Pope died. Never again would a pope be able to force monarchs to obey. • 1305, Philip persuaded cardinals to select a French pope, Clement V, who moved to Avignon, where popes lived for 67 more years

End of the Middle Ages Begins after the papacy is moved back to Rome 1378 – Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome Cardinals were pressured by Roman mobs to select an Italian pope Urban VI was chosen- power hungry & unstable – he was not well supported Rejected by the French, who selected Clement VII – set up office in Avigon {now there are 2 popes} Each pope declared the other a false pope and they excommunicated each other! This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism, or division

End of the Middle Ages What does the cartoon suggest?

End of the Middle Ages Pope Problems • The situation with multiple popes caused The Great Schism (division of the church) • 1414 – Council of Pisa selected a new pope to help end The Great Schism – which made three popes! Gregory XII (successor of Urban VI) called the Council of Constance to resolve the issue. He only asked that he be recognized with authority to call the council. Then he resigned. The other popes fled. • Finally, Martin V was chosen in 1417 ending The Great Schism Urban VI Clement VIII Martin V

The European Middle Ages