Middle Ages

1. Middle Ages • Middle Ages • Time between the fall of the Roman Empire, 500AD and 1500AD. • Crusades • “Holy Wars” between Muslims and Catholic Christians over the holy lands. Crusaders brought back new foods, spices, clothing—this leads to trade • Renaissance • Means “rebirth” Renewed interest in arts, learning, and technology . • Reformation • a movement started by Martin Luther that split the Catholic Church. Martin Luther writes his 95 Theses in 1517 against the practice of indulgences (paying $ to get to heaven)Selling church jobsaccumulating lands (all 3 -corruption in the church) • Eventually leads to the establishment of the Church of England or the Anglican church

2. Johannes Gutenberg • A renaissance inventor of the movable type. Promoted the spread of bibles during the reformation. Use to print bibles during the Reformation (Middle Ages)

3. Columbian Exchange • The exchange of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and the Americas • Around 80% of Native Americans were killed by disease transmitted through the exchange of these goods

4. Conquistadors • Hernando Cortez • Conquered the Aztecs; searched for gold • Francisco Pizarro • Conquered the Incas; searched for gold • Juan Pounce de Leon • Searched for the fountain of youth in Florida • Conquistadors were in search of God, Gold and Glory

5. Prince Henry the Navigator • Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugalsets up a school for sailors and navigators • Technological Advances: • Astrolabe- find position from the stars • Compass- indicates direction(N, S, E &W) • Caravel- larger, stronger ship that made exploration easier

6. St. Augustine • First Permanent European settlement • Fort built by the Spanish in Florida to protect shipping and the colonies in the Caribbean.

7. The English Colonies • Real purpose of colonies: to enrich Britain • mercantilism: colonies are expected to supply materials the mother-country lacked so they could make goods for trade

8. English Colonies • Slave Trade • Grows because colonist need laborers for the plantations • Indentured Servants • People who worked for 5-7 years in exchange for passage to the colony • Triangular Trade • The movement of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that brought slaves to the colonies

9. English Colonies • Middle Passage • The voyage from Africa to America that brought a cargo of slaves. This passage was a part of the Triangular Trade. • Abolitionists • Those who wanted to abolish slavery • Quakers • Some of the first to oppose slavery and speak against it as an evil institution

10. Navigation Acts • All trade must be done in English or colonial ships • Certain items can only go to England • All goods have to go through English port 1st British would police the water, looking for colonial ships trying to smuggle goods

11. New England or Northern Colonies Develop a mainly urban (cities) society, based on commerce (business) and trade • Soil was infertile, little farming • Fishing, whale hunting • Small factory manufacturing became common

12. Middle Colonies Economy • “Breadbasket colonies” • Grow grain • Forests provided lumber • Fur trappers

13. Southern Economy • specialized in a single cash crop one grown for sale, rather than farmer’s own use Jamestown: Known for the commodity (product) tobacco • Grow rice,indigo, and tobacco • Many farm on small farms or on large farms (called plantations)

14. Age of Enlightenment • An intellectual movement that stressed reasoning (thinking) as a way to discover how the universe works.. • Learn the earth revolves around the sun • World controlled by fixed mathematical, scientific laws; world is not random (gravity!) • Ben Franklin key Enlightenment figure as well as John Locke and Montesquieu

15. Great Awakening • 1730s-1740s • Series of religious revivals. Focused on forgiveness and salvation • Jonathan Edwards-he was a traveling preachers (evangelist today), outdoor revivals. Most famous sermon is “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God” • Christian denominations are established such as Methodist and Baptists • Results of the Great Awakening- People learn to question authority. Soon, they will question Britain’s authority over them

16. Jamestown • Jamestown • - first permanent English settlement in North America • Tobacco • #1 commodity (product) • Crop grown by the Virginia colony to earn profits for the company.

17. Navigation Act • Navigation Act • Enforced more heavily • Acts to regulate colonial manufacturing and trade • Imports • Goods that a nation buys • Exports • Goods that a nation sells • Smuggling • Importing goods illegally

18. French and Indian War • War between the French and their Indian allies (friends) against the British for control of North America. • French and British wanted control of the Ohio River Valley in western Pennsylvania territory. • George Washington establishes his military leadership abilities • Treaty of Paris 1783 • An agreement between the French and the British that ended the French and Indian War.

19. Effects of the French and Indian War • Economic Effect- Colonist left Great Britain with a huge War Debt • Political Effect- British tighten control of the colonist with taxes. • Personal Effect- Colonist felt a sense a of unity and pride. • Proclamation of 1763 (reaction from Great Britain when the colonists refused to repay debt) • Restricted the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountainsuntil the debt was paid Great Britain wants the Colonists to repay the money from the French and Indian War so they place taxes on the colonist…

20. Tax Battle:Taxes placed on the Colonist by the British. • Stamp Act • A direct tax on legal documents and printed matter. • Examples newspapers, sermons, documents. • Sugar Act • Called for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to prevent the colonist from smuggling in goods. • Townshend Act • Acts that collected import duties on goods imported from England. • Tea Act • Act that gave a monopoly to the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies.

21. Boston Massacre • Boston Massacre -Bloodshed that occurred when British soldiers fired upon a group of colonists who were angry about the British taxes being placed on them. • Crispus Attucks • Free slave that was shot during the Boston Massacre and considered the first causality (death) of the American Revolutionary War. • Quartering Act • Acts that forced the colonist to feed and house the British troops in North America.

22. Committees of Correspondence • Created by the Sons of Liberty • It was very difficult to communicate across the 3000 or more miles of the colonies in the 1700s • They needed a way to keep the colonist informed • Set up groups to let colonies know about new taxes and how to respond

23. Boston Tea Party • An act of rebellion when the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped a shipload of tea in to the Boston Harbor. • The British reacted by enforcing the Coercive Act (the Colonist called it the Intolerable Act). It closed the Boston Harbor, preventingtrade until the teawas paid for.

24. Lexington and Concord • Lexington • Town where the first clash or skirmish between colonial soldiers (minute men) and British troops(redcoats) took place • Concord • Small town outside Boston where minutemen had muskets and gunpowder stored • Paul Revere • A silversmith who rode from Boston to Lexington to warn that the British were coming to capture the weapons at Concord and to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock • Patrick Henry • Fiery Virginia legislator who spoke in favor of freedom “give me liberty or give me death” • Minute Men • Citizen soldiers who were prepared to act at any moment’s notice • Red Coats • The British army

25. Join or Die Represents the 13 Colonies as a confederacy ( loose union of independent states) • Published before the French and Indian War. • A Political Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette from Benjamin Franklin strongly suggesting that the colonists need to form a united government.

26. Setting the Stage for the Revolutionary War • Patriots • Colonist who wanted the colonies to be independent from England • Loyalists • Colonist who remained loyal to the king and opposed the Patriots; also called Tories • Neutrals • Colonist who did not take the side of the Patriots or the Loyalists

27. Thomas Paine • He wrote Common Sense • An essay explaining in plain terms why the colonist should be free and how the monarchy (king, queen or emperor) was corrupt.

28. First Continental Congress • The colonies meet at the First Continental Congress in September of 1774 in Philadelphia. The colonies agree to fight back against the British if the King refuses to compromise. • 12 of the 13 colonies are present; Georgia is absent

29. Second Continental Congress • Olive Branch Petition • The letter sent by the Colonial Congress to King George III asking for a peaceful solution. • Created an army • Coined money (created a colonial currency) • George Washington is appointed commander of the Continental Army • John Hancock is named President of the Continental Congress • Colonies were asked to draw up constitutions

30. Revolutionary War Battles • Bunker Hill • First major battle. Battle near Boston where it took the British three charges to take the hill from the Patriots. Deadliest battle of the War. • Battle of Trenton • Washington crossing the Delaware River to make a surprise attack at Trenton, New Jersey on Christmas night 1776. He attacks the German mercenaries (paid soldiers) called Hessians and wins a victory for the colonists. • Valley Forge • The place where the Continental army spent the coldest winter of 1777-1778.General Washington’s troops lacked food and clothing, but things eventually improve Out of the 10,000 troops there, more than 2,000 died. • Baron von Steuben is the Prussian army officer who trained the Continental army at Valley Forge

31. Revolutionary Battles • Saratoga • the French are still mad that they lost to Britain in the French and Indian War, so they send weapons to the Americans to help them out. • Saratoga is known as the turning point of the war; British army from Quebec was surrounded by the efforts of the French leader Burgoyne’s and forced to surrender • Yorktown • The last major Battle • A Virginia town where the British General Cornwallis and his soldiers were trapped and forced to surrender • American and French troops combine and plan to attack Cornwallis at Yorktown • 17,000 French and American troops bombard British troops at Yorktown for 3 weeks • Cornwallis finally surrenders • The Patriots (colonists) win!

32. Treaty of Paris 1783The treaty that officiallyended the Revolutionary War • Peace agreement by the Colonist • Agreed that the English could collect debts owed by Americans • Permitted Loyalists to go to court to recover losses of confiscated goods and property • Peace agreement by the British • Recognizes the United States as an Independent nation • Set boundaries of the United States • Agreed to withdraw British soldiers from American territory • Returned Florida to Spain

33. Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson • Patriot who wrote the Declaration of Independence • John Locke • Enlightenment thinker who wrote that government is to protect the rights of the people; if it does not, the people could rebel • Grievances • List of 27 wrongs done by the king to the American colonies

34. NO POWER TO TAX NO DIRECT POWER OVER CITIZENS COULD NOT ENFORCE LAWS WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION COULD NOT BE CHANGED WITHOUT CONSENT OF ALL 13 STATES COULD NOT REGULATE TRADE Forming a New Nation: The Articles of Confederation • The first American constitution (set of laws/rules) that formed a confederation of states governed by a weak federal government.

35. Northwest Territory • Land Ordinance of 1785 • A law that divided the Northwest Territory into 36 square mile township and sold the land to raise money for the government. • Northwest Land Ordinance 1787 • A law that provided a way for new states to enter the union.

36. Foundations of the Constitution • Magna Carta • 1215, A document that limited the power of the king • English Bill of Rights • A list of the freedoms that English citizens could expect from the government • Social Contract Theory • Rousseau • A theory that people have individual freedom but must surrender some of it for the good of society (people gave up individual rights in return for protection from the government) • Montesquieu • An enlightenment thinker, introduced the idea of separation of powers • three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial • John Locke • An enlightenment thinker, believed that authority to rule is given to the government by the people (through their consent) and that if the government abuses the power, the people can take it back.

37. Constitutional Convention • Independence Hall • The name given to the Pennsylvania statehouse in Philadelphia where the convention was held. • Constitution Convention • The name given to the meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the constitution was written • George Washington • Delegate who presided over the Constitutional Convention • Benjamin Franklin • Delegate who was the most well-known and well-respected statesman of his day • James Madison • Delegate who contributed the most to the writing of the United States Constitution called the “Father of the Constitution” • Alexander Hamilton • Delegate who helped to write the Federalist Papers, which explained the Constitution

38. 3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention • #1-The Great Compromise or The Connecticut Compromise New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan Large States Small States Representation based on Population Equal Representation House of Representatives Set up our Senators 2 Senators per state Set up a Bicameral Congress with 2 chambers- the Senate and the House of Representatives

39. 3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention • #2 Three-fifths Compromise • The compromise over slavery that allowed 3 out of 5 slaves to be counted for representation in the House of Representatives (and for the purpose of taxation)

40. 3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention • #3 Slave Trade/Federal Power • Slave trade was stopped during the Revolutionary War • Southern States were eager to start the slave trade after the war • Southern States feared that Congress could prevent this (try to use their federal power) • Delegates compromised and allowed the Federal Government to regulate trade and keep the slave trade for at least 20 more years.

41. Ratifying the Constitution • Ratify (approve) • The process of approving the Constitution that required the approval of 9 out of 13 states • Federalists • People who believed in a strong federal government; wanted the Constitution ratified • Federalists Papers • 85 essays written by Federalist to explain the Constitution • Leading Federalists were: • George Washington, 1st president • James Madison, the “Father of the Constitution” • Alexander Hamilton, secretary of treasury • John Adams, first Supreme Court Justice • Benjamin Franklin

42. Ratifying the Constitution • Antifederalists • People who believed in the states’ rights, didn’t want the Constitution ratified unless it contained the Bill of Rights (First 10 amendments to the Constitution) • Leading Antifederalists • John Hancock, President of the Second Continental Congress • Thomas Jefferson, wrote the Declaration of Independence • Patrick Henry, midnight ride & “give me liberty or give me death” speech • Samuel Adams, Sons of liberty, Boston tea party, Committee of Correspondence First to ratify- Delaware, 1787 Last to ratify- Rhode Island,1790

43. The United States Constitution • Purpose of the Government • Found in the Preamble of the Constitution • To set up a court system • Keep peace among the states • Defend the nation against all enemies • To pass laws that will be good for the people • Maintain rights of citizens now and in the future The Structure of the Constitution: Preamble, Articles & Amendments

44. The United States Constitution • The Preamble • The Introduction to the United States Constitution • We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide of the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution of the United States of America.

46. Articles I, II & III Interprets the law Enforces the laws Makes the laws

47. AmendmentsFirst 10 are called the Bill of Rights • 1-Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition & Speech • 2-Right to bear arms (own a gun) & maintain a militia (army) • 3-No Quartering (housing) of the troops • 4-Search and Seizure • 5-Rights of the accused • 6-fair & speedy trial, trial by jury, right to an attorney • 7-Civil suits • 8- Cruel and Unusual Punishment, excessive bail • 9- enumerated rights (any individual freedom not covered in 1-8 would be covered in 9) • 10-State’s Rights

48. Cont. The United States Constitution • 11- Suits among the States • 12-The election process of the President and Vice President • 13-Abolished (did away with) slavery • 14-Established Citizenship • 15-Gave African American males the right to vote • 16-Established an Individual Income tax • 17-Set up the direct election of Senators • 18- Prohibition of alcohol • 19-women’s right to vote • 20-”Lame Duck” the 100 day transition from one president to another • 21-repealed prohibition (the 18th amendment) • 22- limited the President’s term to two • 23- Set up the District of Columbia with 3 electoral votes • 24- abolished the poll tax • 25- established the presidential session and disability process • 26- Eighteen-year-olds have the right to vote • 27- Congressional Salaries

49. The Federal Government:The Basic Principle of the Government • Popular Sovereignty- The people rule • Federalism- Division of power between the National and State governments • Limited Government- • Constitutional Supremacy- the idea that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land • Separation of Powers-a term indicating that the authority of the government is divided among the three branches: Legislative, Executive & Judicial • Checks and Balances-a term that describes the overlapping powers of the three branches to balance the power among the branches • Judicial Review- the power of the judicial branch to declare acts and laws of the other two branches (executive & judicial) unconstitutional