Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech

2. Parts of Speech • All words can be categorized into one of EIGHT parts of speech • Some people use 9 categories or more • Part shows its function in a sentence • Not what the word IS but how it is USED • Some words can fall under more than one category • E.g. Survey – verb and noun • Can you name all 8 parts of speech?

3. Nouns • Person, place, or thing • Often preceded by a/an/the • Proper nouns vs. common nouns (Dad, dad) • Concrete nouns vs. abstract nouns (brain, thought) • Possessive nouns (-’s, -s’) • Plural nouns (-s, -es) • Countable vs. non-countable nouns (dog/dogs vs. moose) • Collective nouns (flock, pride)

4. Find the Nouns The man walked quickly over the bridge and ran through the long, dark tunnel.

5. Find the Nouns Five majestic moose lumbered out of the woods and passed right in front of my friend John’s house.

6. Find the Nouns Zeus’s daughter Athena was born from the top of his head. Needless to say, that gave Zeus a splitting headache.

7. Find the Nouns The bosses’ children always seem to manage to find summer employment, because their mommies and daddies give them jobs!

8. Pronouns • Replace nouns • Many different types • Personal subject pronouns • I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they • Personal object pronouns • me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them • Reflexive pronouns • myself, yourself, his self, her self, itself, ourselves, their selves • Personal possessive pronouns • Subject: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

9. Pronouns (con’t) • Demonstrative pronouns • this, that, these those • Interrogative pronouns • which, who, whom, what, whichever, whoever, whomever, whatever • E.g. Who should we invite to the party? • Relative pronouns • who, whom, which, and that when they link phrases and clauses • E.g. He is the man who sold me the car. • Indefinite pronouns • Refer to an identifiable but indefinite thing • Most common are: any, anything, anyone, each, many, none, someone • E.g. Someone needs to clean up this room!

10. Find the Pronouns I am going to Tim Hortons. Would you like to come with me?

11. Find the Pronouns Which of the two books will you choose for the class assignment?

12. Find the Pronouns Oh, never mind! I will do it myself.

13. Find the Pronouns Would you please pass that to me? I can’t reach it from here.

14. Find the Pronouns No one is getting extra time for this test. It is your responsibility to manage your time, not mine.

15. Adjectives • Modify nouns and pronouns by identifying, describing, or quantifying • Include a/an/the (count and non-count articles) • Are often modified by words that are sometimes adverbs, like very • Some have possessive forms: my, your, his, her, its, our, their • Usually find them: • Just before a noun • After astative verb (e.g. is, look, seems) • Example: The cake looks good.

16. Find the Adjectives The truck-shaped balloon floated over the lush, green treetops.

17. Find the Adjectives The coal mines are dark and dank.

18. Find the Adjective She is very tall, but that does not mean she is good at basketball.

19. Verbs • Tell us something about the subject of a sentence • Show actions, events, or states of being • Can be compound – E.g. will be, am going • Are conjugated into different tenses • The “to ___” form is called the infinitive • Active verbs – to jump, to walk, to skip, to dance, to look • Stative verbs – to be, to seem, to look, to appear • Modal verbs – might, may, can, should, would

20. Find the Verbs The baby bird seems to be alright, but he took quite a fall when his mother pushed him out of the tree.

21. Find the Verbs After I complete my high school diploma requirements, I plan to go to university or to college.

22. Adverbs • Modify verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases and clauses • Indicate time, place, manner, cause, and degree • Often but do not always end in –y or –ly • Adverbs should NEVER come in the middle of an infinitive verb (split infinitive) • E.g. To boldly go where no one has gone before… • Conjuctive Adverbs – join clauses and phrases • finally, hence, thus, also, furthermore, etc.

23. Find the Adverbs Thus, one should never upset MsDoucet. The consequences might be very grave. Running quickly could be just one of the results.

24. Find the Adverbs The government has drastically cut university budgets; consequently, class sizes have increased dramatically.

25. Prepositions • Connecting words that show the relationships between things through time and space • English has 76 prepositions • E.g. to, from, across, over, with, at, through, of, in, up, except, despite • Often begin a prepositional phrase • E.g. In the heat of the night

26. Find the Prepositions The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes.

27. Find the Prepositions In each of the preceding examples, a preposition locates the nouns and pronouns in space or in time.

28. Conjunctions • Join words, phrases, and clauses • Co-ordinating Conjunctions • Join individual words, phrases, and clauses • and, but, yet, or, nor • Sub-ordinating Conjunctions • Join dependent clauses to independent clauses and show relationships • because, since, where, although, if • Correlative Conjunctions • Always come in pairs and show logical relationships • Either...or, neither...nor, so...as, whether...or

29. Find the Conjunctions You can choose not to do your homework, but that will probably result in you failing the course.

30. Find the Conjunctions If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.

31. Find the Conjunctions He is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.

32. Interjections • Words added to show emotion • Often if not usually followed by ! • Not related to any other part of speech • Not used in formal writing • Examples • Ouch! That hurt. • Oh, $#!&! My mother is going to kill me when she finds out. • Got a new car, eh?

33. For more information… • University of Ottawa – Writing Centre – Hyper Grammar – Parts of Speech • http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/partsp.html