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Urban America 1865-1896

Urban America 1865-1896. Section 1: Immigration Section 2: Urbanization Section 3: The Gilded Age Section 4: The Rebirth of Reform Standards: 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 3.2. Section 1: Immigration. Why did Europeans come to the U.S.? Push Factors Farm poverty and worker uncertainty

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Urban America 1865-1896

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  1. Urban America1865-1896 • Section 1: Immigration • Section 2: Urbanization • Section 3: The Gilded Age • Section 4: The Rebirth of Reform • Standards: 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 3.2

  2. Section 1: Immigration Why did Europeans come to the U.S.? Push Factors Farm poverty and worker uncertainty Wars and conscription Political tyranny Religious oppression Pull Factors Plenty of land and work Higher standard of living Democratic political system Opportunity for social advancement

  3. The Atlantic Voyage • Steerage: the cheapest and basic way to travel on a steamship • Arrived at Ellis Island • K= hernia • X= mental disabilities • H= heart problems • Sc= scalp problems • “Old” Immigrants: Northern & Western Europe • “New” Immigrants: Southern & Eastern Europe

  4. Ethnic Cities • Jacob Riis • Journalist called population map of NYC striped like a zebra • Ghetto: a section of a city occupied by a minority group who live there because of social, economic, or legal pressure • Jewish immigrants • Lower East Side • Italian immigrants • Little Italy • A place to continue their languages, religious, clubs, newspapers

  5. Angel Island • Chinese Immigrants • Taiping Rebellion • Central Pacific Railroad • Japanese Immigrants • Economic hardships • Over 200,000 Chinese and Japanese immigrants arrived on the West Coast during the late 1800s

  6. Resurgence of Nativism • Nativism: extreme dislike for immigrants by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration • Prejudice Against Newcomers • Prejudice: an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand without knowledge of the facts; an irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race or religion • Discrimination: Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice • American Protective Association • Henry Bowers • Anti-Catholic & Foreigners • Wanted to stop all immigration

  7. Impact on the Anti-Immigrant Movement • Workingman’s Party of California • Dennis Kearney • Fighting Chinese immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act • Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years • Barred Chinese immigrants already in the country from becoming citizens • Even after Chinese protests became a permanent act in 1902 • Act was repealed in 1943

  8. Section 2: Urbanization • Americans Migrate to the Cities • The New Urban Environment • Skyscrapers • Louis Sullivan • Mass Transit • Frank J. Sprague • Separation by Class • High Society • Middle-Class Gentility • The Working Class • Tenements • Average annual income $445.00

  9. Urban Problems • How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis • Saloons “breed poverty”, corruption of politics, bringing suffering to women and children • Typhoid Fever • Urban Politics • The Political Machine and the Party Boss • George Plunkitt, NYC’s most powerful party boss • Graft and Fraud • Graft: getting money through dishonest or questionable means • Tammany Hall • William M. “Boss” Tweed

  10. The Gilded Age • A Changing Culture • Gilded Age • Mark Twain and Charles Wagner • The Idea of Individualism • Horatio Alger • Brave and Bold • Rags to Riches stories

  11. Social Darwinism: • Herbert Spencer • Survival of the fittest • Darwinism and the Church • Rejection of “creation” • Rejection of “evolution” • Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth • Gospel of Wealth, philosophy • Philanthropy: providing money to support humanitarian or social goals

  12. Realism • Realism in Art • Thomas Eakins, painter of everything • Realism of Literature • William Dean Howells • The Rise of Silas Lapham • Mark Twain • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn • Henry James • Portrait of a Lady • Edith Wharton • The Age of Innocence • Pulitzer Prize

  13. Popular Culture • The Saloon • “Free Lunch” • Amusement Parks and Sports • Coney Island • Vaudeville and Ragtime • vaudeville • Animal acts • Acrobats • Gymnasts • Dancers • And more… • Ragtime • Scott Joplin • “King of Ragtime” • Signature piece “The Maple Leaf Rag”

  14. Section 4: The Rebirth of Reform • Social Criticism • Disagreements • Individualism • Social Darwinism • Henry George on Progress and Poverty • Land is basis of wealth • Reform Darwinism • Lester Frank Ward • Dynamic Sociology • Looking Backward • Edward Bellamy • Perfect society

  15. Naturalism in Literature • Stephen Crane, Maggie, A Girl of the Streets • Story of prostitution and death • Frank Norris, McTeague • Story of a dentist and his wife driven mad by greed and violence • Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie • Sin without punishment • Pursuit of wealth and power destroyed character

  16. Helping the Urban Poor • The Social Gospel • Washington Gladden, minister • “Christian law” to fix problems • Walter Rauschenbusch • Baptist minister • The Salvation Army and the YMCA • Salvation Army- William Booth • Young Men’s Christian Association • Revivalism and Dwight L. Moody • President of Chicago’s YMCA • Moody Memorial Church

  17. The Settlement House Movement • Jane Addams • Hull House, Chicago, Illinois • Lillian Wald • Henry Street Settlement House, New York City • Still runs today under the name “Visiting Nurses Association” • Medical care • Recreation programs • English classes • Hot lunches

  18. Public Education • The Spread of Schools • Americanization of Immigrants • English language • American history • Citizenship • Discipline • Work ethic • National values • African Americans • Limited educational opportunities • Booker T. Washington • Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1881

  19. Education for the workplace • Assimilation: absorbing a group into the culture of a larger population • Job preparation • Grammar School • Timely attendance • Neatness • Efficiency • Vocational and technical education in high schools • Expanding Higher Education • Morrill Land Grant • Agricultural and mechanical colleges • Women’s colleges: Vassar, Wellesley, Smith • Public Libraries • Andrew Carnegie

  20. Review Questions: • Where did the immigrants come from? • Why did labor unions oppose immigration? • What was the most common form of “mass transit”? • Who lived in the streetcar suburbs? • Who was William Tweed? • Who believed that those who are more fortunate should assist those who are not? • In the cities, what functioned as a community and political center for men? • What helped immigrants adjust to American life? • Where did the immigrants come into the U.S.? • What is nativism? • Why do we have subways? • What was Tammany Hall? • What is graft? • What is individualism? • What was the first baseball team to be salaried? • What is “survival of the fittest”? What is the name of the philosophy connected with it?

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