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URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896 Chapter 10

URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896 Chapter 10. URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896. Section 1 - Immigration Main Idea: After the Civil War, millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia settled in the United States. European Immigration A. Why did they come? 1. US had plenty of jobs

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URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896 Chapter 10

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  1. URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896 Chapter 10 URBAN AMERICA 1865-1896

  2. Section 1 - Immigration Main Idea: After the Civil War, millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia settled in the United States. • European Immigration A. Why did they come? 1. US had plenty of jobs 2. Few immigrant restrictions 3. To avoid forced military service at home 4. To avoid religious persecution 5. To escape Europe’s class system

  3. B. The Atlantic Voyage 1. Most traveled in steerage - cheapest. 2. Miserable conditions. C. Ellis Island - New York 1. Processing center 2. Medical exams; often led to quarantine or forced return to Europe.

  4. “Old Immigration” - Before 1860: * Immigrants mostly came from northern & western Europe. * Mostly Protestant & Catholic. “New Immigration” - After 1860: * Immigrants mostly came from southern & eastern Europe. * Many were Jewish; many were Catholic.

  5. “New” immigrants were often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, • Settled in cities rather than on farms

  6. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

  7. D. Ethnic Cities 1. Immigrants mostly settled in neighborhoods separated into ethnic groups. 2. Spoke native languages 3. Recreated churches, synagogues, clubs, & newspapers of their homelands. 4. Their adjustment depended partly on: a. Learning English & how well they adapted to the American culture. b. Whether they had marketable skills or $$$.

  8. II. Asian Immigration to America A. Why did Asians come to America? 1. Chinese - mid-1800s; mostly western cities. a. Overpopulation b. Unemployment c. Poverty d. Famine& hunger e. 1848 - discovery of gold in California demand for workers in the mines. f. Rebellion in China (20 million dead) g. Transcontinental railroad demand for workers.

  9. 2. Japanese - later 1800s/early 1900s. a. Japan was building an industrial economy. b. Building an empire disrupted economy, causing hardships for Japanese people. B. Angel Island - the “Ellis Island of the West Coast” (processing immigrants, etc.) III. The Resurgence of Nativism- overt favoritism towards native born Americans Wave of immigrants fear & distrust of foreigners. A. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 1. Barred Chinese immigration for 10 yrs. 2. Kept Chinese in US from becoming citizens.

  10. Angel Island “Ellis Island of the West Coast”

  11. ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

  12. Chinese Laundry in San Francisco

  13. Passport for Chin-shee (a young Chinese immigrant)

  14. Nativism …. Ironic?

  15. B. Why did nativists oppose immigration? 1. Afraid that Catholicimmigrants might get too much power in US government. 2. Immigrants would take low-paying jobs away from American citizens. 3. Immigrants would accept work as strike- breakers & hurt the unions’ efforts. C. Prejudice against newcomers 1. American Protective Association - wanted to stop immigration. 2. Workingman’s Party of California - reaction to racial violence; also to stop immigration.

  16. Sweatshop - an urban laundry

  17. “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost, to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” Emma Lazarus

  18. Nativism .... Was the United States becoming a “Melting pot” or a “Dumping ground”?

  19. Section 2 - Urbanization Main Idea: During the thirty years following the Civil War, the U.S. transformed rapidly from a rural nation to a more urban one. • Americans Migrate to the Cities A. Why? 1. Immigrants lacked $$$ to buy farms or education to get better jobs. 2. Worked long hours in factories 3. Farmers - for better-paying jobs & for the excitement of the “modern” cities.

  20. II. New Urban Environment A. Skyscrapers - lack of space; needed to “build up.” B. Mass transit - needed to move large numbers of people quickly. Boston Subway Horsecar San Francisco Cable Car Trolley Car

  21. During the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, John Roebling, who designed the bridge, was killed on the job. His son continued directing the work until being injured. The work was then taken over by John’s wife, who completed the project with her son’s direction.

  22. III. Separation by Class A. High Society - UpperClass 1. Rich; usually lived in the center of the city. 2. Ex: Vanderbilt Mansion Vanderbilt liked his mansion so much, he built one just like it next door for his daughter. Vanderbilt Mansion - Fifth Avenue New York City

  23. B. Middle-Class 1. Fast-growing social group. 2. Doctors, lawyers, engineers, social workers, architects, teachers, etc. 3. Not enough salary to keep up with upper class. C. Working Class 1. Majority 2. Often lived in tenements - crowded multi-family dwellings. 3. Many sent their children to work in factories.

  24. Expose written by Jacob Riis to show the desperate situation of the working poor

  25. Urban Problems A. Crime, violence, fire, disease, & pollution. B. Native-born Americans blamed immigrants. C. Alcohol - contributed to violent crime. V. Urban Politics A. Political machine (new political system) - informal political group designed to gain & keep political power. --City dwellers needed jobs, housing, food, heat, & police protection. B. Party boss - ran political machine; provided services to city dwellers in exchange for votes.

  26. C. Corruption in political machine/boss system: 1. Graft - getting $$$ through dishonest or questionable means. 2. Fraud - bosses accepted bribes from con- tractors, etc., who in exchange got prized contracts for doing city work (ex: roads, garbage collection, etc.) or for city permits. D. Tammany Hall 1. NYC Democratic machine. 2. Boss - Wm. Marcy Tweed - corrupt!!!! 3. Had control of NYC gov’t. **In spite of all of the corruption, the machines did provide valuable services to city-dwellers.

  27. Political cartoon portraying the corruption which surrounded Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. William Marcy Tweed

  28. Section 3 - The Gilded Age (Late 1800s) Main Idea: Industrialism & urbanization changed American society’s ideas and culture. • Changing Culture A. The Gilded Age - term coined by Mark Twain about the era from approx. 1870 - 1900. 1. Looked “golden” on outside, but problems inside! 2. Corruption, poverty, crime, big gap between rich & poor.

  29. B. Individualism - whatever his beginnings, in America a person could rise in society. C. Horatio Alger - wrote “rags to riches” stories which inspired people to believe that success was possible. II. Social Darwinism A. Herbert Spencer’s idea. B. Taken from Darwin’s Origin of Species (evolutionary theory). C. “Human society also evolved through competition & natural selection.” Idea of “survival of the fittest” in society.

  30. D. Gospel of Wealth 1. Rich must help the poor - philanthropy. 2. Andrew Carnegie’s theory. a. Donated million$$ of his fortune. b. Libraries, scholarships, etc… • Realism - portrayed people realistically instead of idealizing them as in the Romantic era. A. Art **Thomas Eakins - paintings of regular people in day-to-day activities.

  31. Example of realistic art from the group of painters known as the “Ashcan” school of artists. What is this painter saying about life in American cities during this time?

  32. B. Literature 1. Wm. Dean Howells 2. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) a. Adventures of HuckleberryFinn b. Wrote in local dialect c. Wrote about very Americansubjects. Howells’s Rise of Silas Lapham Samuel Clemens “Mark Twain”

  33. 3. Henry James - wrote about the inner lives of the upper class. 4. Edith Wharton a. Upper class subjects. b. Ex: Age of Innocence. Henry James Edith Wharton

  34. IV. Popular Culture A. Improved standard of living led to entertain- ment & recreation. B. Saloon 1. Major role in life of male workers in 1800s. 2. Served as social and political center. C. Amusement parks & sports 1. Coney Island a. Catered to working- class families & singles. b. Rides usually cost 5 or 10 cents.

  35. 2. Watching professional boxing or baseball. a. Cincinnati Red Stockings - first salaried professional baseball team. b. 1903 - first modern World Series played. Cincinnati Red Stockings (later the Red Sox)

  36. 3. Football became a popular spectator sport during the Gilded Age, with college games proving to be the biggest draw. Rutgers and Princeton played in the first collegiate contest in 1869. Throughout the late 1800s, three Eastern universities–Harvard, Yale, and Princeton– dominated the sport. University of Michigan Football Team - 1885

  37. 4. Other leisure activities: Lawn Tennis Golf Lawn Tennnis Croquet

  38. D. Vaudeville 1. Similar to stage show/ concert. 2. Different kinds of acts. E. Ragtime 1. African American music. 2. Scott Joplin

  39. Section 4 - The Rebirth of Reform Main Idea: The pressing problems of the urban poor in the late 1800s and early 1900s eventually stimulated attempts to reform industrial society. • Social Criticism A. Debate between individualism/Social Darwinism and government help. B. Should we redistribute wealth from the rich to the poor? C. Should gov’t regulate the economy, or should it be left to competition/supply and demand?

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