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HVAC222 - Oil

HVAC222 - Oil. Oil Characteristics Oil Heat Calculations. Fuel Oil Weight. Measured in API Gravity API = American Petroleum Institute Ranges from 0 to 99 degrees The lighter the oil, the higher the rating. 20 degrees = 7.77 pounds 40 degrees = 6.87 pounds

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HVAC222 - Oil

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  1. HVAC222 - Oil Oil Characteristics Oil Heat Calculations

  2. Fuel Oil Weight • Measured in API Gravity • API = American Petroleum Institute • Ranges from 0 to 99 degrees • The lighter the oil, the higher the rating. • 20 degrees = 7.77 pounds • 40 degrees = 6.87 pounds • These are measured with a hydrometer

  3. Viscosity • The resistance to flow (thickness of oil) • Time required for an oil sample at a given temperature to flow through a fixed restriction. • Heavier oils have a higher restriction. • As the temperature rises; viscosity goes down.

  4. Viscosity • As the temperature drops, viscosity goes up. • An outdoor oil tank needs to be protected from cold as the viscosity can go so far up the oil will not flow through the filter properly.

  5. Flash Point • The temperature at which the oil will give off sufficient vapor to support a flash fire (momentary, not combustion). • The lowest temperature vapors will ignite in the air when exposed to flame. • The maximum safe storage and handling temperature.

  6. Distillation Range • Used as a measurement for lighter oils. • It is the temperature at which oil will boil.

  7. Water and Sediment content • Percentage of water and impurities in the oil. • Heavier oils have more water and sediment. • Water and sediment can cause: • Interrupted flame • Clogged burners

  8. Pour Point • The lowest temperature at which oil can be poured.

  9. Types of oil • #1 - Kerosene • #2 - Home Heating Oil • #4 - Industrial • #6 - Bunker Oil

  10. #1 - Kerosene • Characteristics • BTU Rating: 132,900 to 137,000 BTU/Gal • API Gravity: 38 to 45 degrees • Weight: 6.95lbs / Gal • Flash Point: 100 degrees • Pour Point: 0 degrees • Will vaporize at room temperature and can easily be ignited.

  11. #1 Kerosene • Uses: • Old style heating • Space heaters • Cleaning solvent • Sometimes used in place of #2 oil or mixed into outdoor tanks because of the lower pour point. Flows better at low temperatures.

  12. #2 - Home Heating Oil • Characteristics • BTU Rating: 140,000 BTU/Gal • API Gravity: 20 to 28 degrees • Weight: 6.9 - 7.3 lbs / Gal • Flash Point: 130 degrees • Pour Point: 20 degrees • Will not vaporize at room temperature and to ignite you must add heat.

  13. #2 - Home Heating Oil • Uses: • Residential Home Heating • Residential Hot Water • Light Commercial Applications

  14. #4 - Industrial Oil • Characteristics • BTU Rating: 145,000 BTU/Gal • API Gravity: 20 to 28 degrees • Weight: 7.78 lbs / Gal • Flash Point: 130 degrees • Pour Point: 20 degrees • Does not require pre-heating • Industrial heat and power.

  15. #6 - Bunker Oil • Characteristics • BTU Rating: 153,000 BTU/Gal • API Gravity: 8 to 15 degrees • Weight: 8.44 lbs / Gal • Flash Point: 50 degrees • Pour Point: Can not pour

  16. Oil Heat Calculations • BTU Output: • The amount of heat being used to heat the space. • Heating oil has a BTU content of 140,000 BTU’s per gallon.

  17. Oil Heat Calculations • To determine how much heat a nozzle is capable of, multiply the GPH of the nozzle times 140,000. • Example: • .75GPH Nozzle x 140,000 = 105,000 BTU • .50GPH Nozzle x 140,000 = 70,000 BTU

  18. Oil Heat Calculations • Examples • 1.25GPH x 140,000 = 175,000 BTU • These numbers are only accurate with a 100% efficient furnace. • These numbers only work if oil pressure is at 100 psi.

  19. Oil Heat Calculations • Using the furnace efficiency percentage and accurate BTU output can be calculated. • Example: • A furnace has a .50GPH nozzle and an efficiency of 80%. • Knowing that 20% of the heat is going out the chimney the 70,000 btu’s will be lower.

  20. Oil Heat Calculations • Example(cont) • .50GPH x 140,000 = 70,000 • 70,000 x .80 = 56,000 btu/hr • .50GPH x 140,000 x 20% = 56,000 btu/hr • This means that 14,000 btu/hr are going up the chimney (20% of 70,000).

  21. Calculating Air Flow • The volume of air is defined as Cubic Feet Per Minute (CFM) • To calculate the CFM of a furnace the BTU’s must be known. • Q = The quantity of useable BTUS of a system.

  22. Calculating Air Flow • Example: A furnace has a .50GPH nozzle and is 90% efficient. • Q = 140,000 x .50 x .90 • Q = 63,000 • Now take a supply duct temperature reading with the burner and fan on.

  23. Calculating Air Flow • Next take a return air temperature reading with the burner and fan on. • Subtract the return from the supply to get your Delta-T (Temperature difference). • Multiply this number by 1.08 (this is a constant).

  24. Calculating Air Flow • The formula: CFM = Q ÷ (∆T x 1.08) CFM = 63,000 ÷ ((145-69)x 1.08) CFM = 63,000 ÷ (76 x 1.08) CFM = 63,000 ÷ 82.08 CFM = 767 CFM

  25. Calculating Air Flow • This calculation can help the duct designer or technician decide if the ductwork is undersized and can also help determine if air conditioning can be added to the ductwork. • Air Conditioning requires 400CFM per Ton (12,000 BTU’s)

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