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Water in the Arab World

Water in the Arab World. Management Perspectives and Innovations (World Bank Publication) Round Table Intervention By A.M.Farahat Prof. INP, Cairo, Egypt. Introduction. A water handbook .. A cornucopia of themes Covers technical, economic, legal and management topics

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Water in the Arab World

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  1. Water in the Arab World Management Perspectives and Innovations (World Bank Publication) Round Table Intervention By A.M.Farahat Prof. INP, Cairo, Egypt

  2. Introduction • A water handbook .. A cornucopia of themes • Covers technical, economic, legal and management topics • Alternatively it could be classified into: • Regional Issues : Basin-wide cooperation and; • National Issues : Water Governance

  3. Introduction • In this intervention we will be reviewing one issue only from the first category in which INP was involved over the past couple of years or so namely; the Nile Basin Initiative, NBI • It is worth mentioning, however, that this presentation is about the NBI not about the Nile itself

  4. NILE BASIN INITIATIVE (NBI)A Bird’s Eye View CONTENTS • MAIN FEARURES (1999 to date) • JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP,2005 to date) • INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT (ISP, 2010-2012) • COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT (CFA) • THE WATER SECURITY ISSUE • CONCLUDING REMARKS

  5. Nile Basin Initiative A Bird’s Eye View

  6. THE NILE BASIN

  7. NBI:Main Features

  8. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Two Sub-Basins • Eastern Nile (EN) Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia • Nile Equatorial Lakes (NEL) Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) • Eriteria is an observer because its boundaries with Ethiopia is not yet agreed upon

  9. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Prior Attempts • 1967-1992 HYDROMET • 1992-1998 TECCONILE • 1999 Nile Basin Initiative

  10. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision To achieve sustainable socio-economic development through equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile water resource

  11. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Programmatic Structure Three Programs: • Shared Vision Program: Objective: Building Trust and Capacities • Two Strategic Action Programs: Objective: Investment –Oriented Action on the Ground

  12. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Programmatic Structure • Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) • Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP)

  13. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program Underlying Principles • Win-win situation • No Harm • Building Trust

  14. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program Thematic Projects • Socio-economic and Benefits Sharing • Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement • Efficient Water Use and Drainage • Water Resources Planning & Management • Regional Power Trade • Nile Transboundary Environmental Action • Applied Training

  15. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program Confidence Building and Stakeholder Involvement

  16. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program SDBS Project • Network of Participating Institutions (PIs), one from each of the 9 NB countries • Institute of National Planning (INP) from Egypt • Adopted a Clustering Scheme • INP was involved in a Cross-Border Trade (CBT) cluster

  17. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program INP Activities • 2006 : CBT Concept Note • 2007 : CBT Scoping Study (VW issue was Highlighted) Lead the CBT cluster • 2008 : Further CBT studies related to: • Utilization of the Nile for CBT • Some economic aspects of Power Trade • Equatorial Ports and CBT

  18. NBI:MAIN FEATURES(1999 to date) Shared Vision Program Our Conviction The Horse and Carriage Dilemma Throughout this project, it was clear that socio-economic cooperation in the form of CBT and investment promotion as stated in the SV was the true framework that can solve any sensitive water issues

  19. The Joint Multipurpose Program (JMP)

  20. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Mandate • ENCOM 19 Meeting, Alexandria, 2005 • …to initiate efforts to ”identify and prepare a major initial project, within a broader multipurpose program, to demonstrate the benefits of a cooperative approach to the management and development of the Eastern Nile”

  21. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) The Launch Phase • In 2008 ENTRO successfully completed activities of the launch phase. These are mainly: • Conceptualization of JMP • “No-border” One System Inventory (OSI) • An independent Scoping Study • The initial project became known as JMP1

  22. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Eastern Nile Sub-Basins • Main Nile Sub-Basin • Tekeze -Setit- Atbara • Blue Nile (Abbay) • Baro – Akobo - Sobat

  23. The Eastern Nile Sub-Basins

  24. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) The Launch Phase • The Scoping Study favored the Blue Nile sub-basin as the first basin for JMP1

  25. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) The Identification Phase (JMP1-IDEN) • Objective is the identification of projects constituting the first JMP 1 on the Abbay/Blue and Main Nile • A Strategic Social Environmental Assessment SSEA

  26. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Strategic Social Environmental Assessment (SSEA) • Stage 1: to establish a “baseline” i.e current situation or no JMP1 • Stage 2: Against this baseline to strategically assess two main “Development Alternatives”; namely: • Many small dams on the Abbay tributaries, and • One (or more) major multi-purpose dams on the Abbay

  27. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Strategic Social Environmental Assessment (SSEA) • If the second Development Alternative is Deemed Appropriate, then a portfolio of “Cascade Development Scenarios” will be prepared by the consultant

  28. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) The Identification Phase (JMP1-IDEN) • Parallel Studies: • Irrigation Development and Modernization Study • Watershed Management Study • Anchor Project Integration of above

  29. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Strategic Social Environmental Assessment The role of the consultant is to provide information and facilitate communication among stakeholders including governments in such a way to assist them to makeinformative decisions. This role is brone to a catalyst rather than professional providing conclusive answers to the problems at hand.

  30. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Power Trade • Egypt’s Electric energy by 2050 is estimated at 50 billion megawatt. hour • 20% of the above is renewable energy (12% wind energy and 8% hydropower and solar energy) • A power trade study was conducted by a consortium of international consultant • Phase I established the prefeasibility of the project

  31. THE JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP) Power Trade, cnt’d • Phase II focused on the transmission line between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt • According to the study, Egypt will import 2000 megawatt. hour and Sudan will import 1200 megawatt. hour • This constitutes 4% of Egypt’s electric energy in 2050 • EEHC and MWRI emphasize the need for a dynamic cascade and dams filling study to alleviate any detrimental effect on the head behind AHD

  32. Potential Multipurpose Project Sites in Ethiopia Border Mandaya Karadobi Beko Abo

  33. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)2010-2012

  34. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)2010-2012 Towards a Nile Basin Commission • The ultimate goal was to institutionalize cooperation by establishing aNile Basin Commission • To migrate to this end a transition period of 3 years was needed • During this period an Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)was designed and approved for this purpose.

  35. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)2010-2012 Towards a Nile Basin Commission • Is a critical part of an ongoing process to build up, boost and fortify the Nile Basin Initiative to be in position to meet the challenges that it is currently facing, as well as challenges it is likely to face in the future. • 3-year duration 2009-2011 • Became ready in October 2009 • funded by the riparian governments and donors

  36. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)2010-2012 Towards a Nile Basin Commission ISP provides time and resources to NBI to resolve issues and ensure sustainability

  37. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP)2010-2012 Total cost: USD 33.76 million Towards a Nile Basin Commission

  38. Institutional Strengthening Project (ISP,2010-2012) Towards a Nile Basin Commission Throughout this project, the legal aspects for the Nile Basin Commission could be articulated in what is referred to as a Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA)

  39. The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA)

  40. The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) Has three aspects: • Legal aspects • Institutional aspects • Information exchange aspects All aspects are agreed upon except three points that are disputed

  41. The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) Current Dispute • Water Security • Prior Notification • Agreements by majority not consensus. Majority should include downstream countries namely; Sudan and Egypt

  42. The Water Security Issue

  43. TheWater Security Issue Institutional Set-up in Egypt • The High Supreme Committee headed by the Prime Minister • The Legal Committee headed by the Minister of WRI • Nile Water Sector : An executive secretariat • NBI National Bureau

  44. TheWater Security Issue Prior to 1959: • Natural flow at Aswan 84 BCM • 59.5 BCM from the Ethiopian Plateau • 24.5 BCM from the equatorial Plateau • Share of Egypt 48 BCM • Share of Sudan 4 BCM • Waste in the Mediterranean 32 BCM

  45. TheWater Security Issue After 1959: • High Aswan Dam was built to save this 32 BCM • Lost due to evaporation 10 BCM • Remainder of 22 BCM were distributed as follows: • Sudan 14.5 BCM • Egypt 7.5 BCM

  46. TheWater Security Issue • Previous share of Egypt 48 BCM • Addition from HAD 7.5 BCM • Total 55.5 BCM

  47. TheWater Security Issue • Aswan Dam regulates the Nile flow annually • High Aswan Dam regulates the flow over the century • Aswan Dam was an Egyptian undertaking. It needed no Agreement with Sudan • 1959 treaty is deposited at the Treaty Section of the United Nations • It can only be cancelled by approval of the signatory parties

  48. TheWater Security Issue • 1929 convention • Signed during the British Colonization • Vienna Succession Convention of 1978 • Boundaries inherited from the colonial era not to be changed) • International Court of Justice ruled in 1989 that convention is applicable on water disputes • Letters of intent between the presidents of Egypt and Ethiopia in 1993

  49. Concluding Remarks

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