A Search for Knowledge and Understanding

2. Special Work Capacity- An Objective, Quantifiable Approach to Train Athletes of Team Sport Disciplines Anthony Daisy, M.Ed., CSCS. www.EXERCISEBIOENERGETICS.com (formerly) Auburn University Contributors: Matt Nichols, M.Sc., CSCS Head S&C, Toronto Maple Leafs Jeremy Holsopple, B.A., CSCS Head S&C, New York Dragons

3. A Search for Knowledge and Understanding • Bridge the gap between research and practice • Question what is being done esp. at the elite levels of sport

4. A Search for Knowledge and Understanding • Great thinkers always ask questions and attempt to find truth! • Improve Performance • “How can we make our athlete’s better within the context of having the highest training result being obtained at the least expense of time and energy” Kurz

5. Take Home Message • Evaluate what we as trainers do • Manage training • Scrutinize Sport Training Process • Be a better consumer of information • Is the information that you receive sound • Context is everything • Learn how to decipher literature • Text Book vs. Real World • Stay objective • Continue to learn!

6. PRESENTATION DIRECTORY • Motive • Theory of Training • Physiology • Examples of Research Data

7. INTRODUCTION • The sport training process for team sport disciplines is a multi-faceted process, requiring the concurrent preparation and development of several physiological systems and motor abilities as an organic whole- • training is as alive as the organism- Matvyev, Ozlin, Verkhoshansky, Siff, Zatsiorski, Viru, Smith, etc. • The aim of coaching, in this regard, is to understand and employ a system(s) of training appropriate for both discipline and athlete, allowing the assembly of all training objectives whereby the improvement of sport result is assured

8. INTRODUCTION • i.e. American Football, Basketball, Fight Sports: • Anaerobic Alactic, Lactic & Aerobic Metabolism (%’s vary) • power and capacity (%’s vary) • Idiosyncrasies in work capacity • Multiple strength qualities • Fine motor skills, visual equity, etc. • Knowledge to execute tactics and technique • Strong psychological component PASM Tactical*Technical*Physical*Psychological

9. INTRODUCTION • Regardless of the training programming and periodization regimes utilized to train a particular sport discipline, training loads must be scrupulously manipulated to successfully heighten these multiple systems and abilities throughout the training year. • The ultimate endpoint being that the athlete attains the highest level of Sport Form at the desired time within the competitive calendar

10. “Upon conscientious review of training programs that serve to heighten physical preparation, it is not uncommon to see more than elaborate plans that develop various motor qualities such as strength and speed, but also, it is not uncommon to see little attention devoted to developing the special endurance or the physiological/bioenergetic qualities needed for sport preparation i.e. biological power…..

11. …careful details are greatly paid to the programming of means, volumes and intensities in the weight room. Conversely, a light jog, pushing and pulling of apparati or “speed work” of no physiological logic are often ignorantly employed as “conditioning” means or intended as psychological methods.” Anthony Daisy

12. Problem • Would this style of training bring about…. • the highest degree of Sport Form at the desired time within the competitive calendar? • The highest degree of sport form at the least expense of time and energy? • How do we train all relevant systems appropriate for sport, athlete, position etc.

13. Problem With respect to programming conditioning…. There are a few problems coaches of higher level athletes encounter • The coach must manipulate the sport training process so that the most important technical/tactical/motor abilities/work capacities etc. are planned harmoniously among each other and optimally realized at the most important times within the annual plan. J. Smith • Some of these abilities must be independently trained for optimal realization • However: All abilities are important and highly related within the training process • No one ability can be viewed independently

14. Problem • The physiological incompatibility of simultaneous motor quality training (strength/power/technique) with (special) endurance training • The training of team sports brings about an interesting dichotomy • develop various motor abilities • technique, strength, power, speed & agility etc, • Concurrent training: Attenuation of either motor or endurance indices together, or independently when both are employed in concert as primary training objectives. • Develop the special fitness of these same motor abilities (special endurance or work capacities) in the attempt to realizing their greatest possible technique, strength, power, speed & agility etc on multiple occasions throughout the course of competition .

15. Problem • Within the framework of classical annual plan programming, the percentage of time allocated to train certain abilities are emphasized while others are either omitted or reduced • GPP; SPP • Early Off-season periods; late off-season periods; in-season etc • Consider appropriate Periodazation regimes • Concurrent; Block; Linear (see presentation 2)

17. Why the Particular Interest with Conditioning? • Out of all aspects of training, “conditioning” is the ability least studied • Get your “cardio” up • Lends itself to recipe coaching • Methods are employed regardless of athlete preparation • Limited team sport information regarding conditioning programming. Most of the literature is derived from individual sports and what “successful” coaches have done • Problem of modeling programs that are successful • We all know we need it… we are just not sure as to how much, how specific, how and when it is individually trained • Pendulum change as to how we condition our athletes • Too much or too little & of the wrong type • Differences between General and Specific work capacities……

18. Why the Particular Interest in Conditioning? …..Just like strength, there are many different qualities of “conditioning”, each too distinct to be trained or labeled en masse • Special Endurance vs Aerobic Capacity • General and Specific Work Capacities, etc. • Each affecting the development of sport form in its own unique way and therefore cannot be viewed under one single entity or posses a sole title • Client example: Stepper vs Treadmill

19. PURPOSE #1 As coaches, why are we doing what we are doing if… • It is not congruent with physiology • It does not transfer to augment sport form 1. Question what is currently been done for conditioning means and methodics in Acyclic sports, in particular team sports, at High School, Collegiate and esp. Professional Levels • “What is popular is not always right & What is right is not always popular”

20. PURPOSE #1 • Rarely do any of us objectively question the effectiveness of the routines we prescribe. • Often we assume that the work we are doing transfers in a positive way to the sport discipline. • An increase in weight room outcomes result in an increase in sport form, right!?!? – (CACC REFERENCE) • Lack of measurement • Many types of training work! • How can we make our athlete’s better within the context of having the highest training result being obtained at the least expense of time and energy

21. Exercise Physiology • Energy systems • A brief look at bioenergetics • Physiological adaptations to training • Possible physiological adaptation with training

22. Interaction Between Aerobic and Anaerobic ATP Production Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between aerobic and anaerobic pathways Effect of duration and intensity Short-term, high-intensity activities Greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems Long-term, low to moderate-intensity exercise Majority of ATP produced from aerobic sources

23. Bioenergetics Formation of ATP Anaerobic pathways Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown Degradation of glucose and glycogen (glycolysis) Aerobic pathways Oxidative formation of ATP

24. ATP Demand during Exercise

25. ATP Supply during Exercise

26. Hughson et al. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 29:129-133, 2001, Fig. 1.

27. The Two Phases of Glycolysis

28. Glycolysis Energy Investment Phase

29. Glycolysis Energy Generation Phase

30. Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Lactic Acid

31. NAD+ NADH Shuttles NAD+ NADH Original Intracellular Lactate Shuttle Glycolysis LDH lactate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate glucose 6-phosphate pyruvate NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ Sites remote From mitochondria Sites near mitochondria Intracellular lactate flux LDH lactate pyruvate Cytosol PYR MCT1 pyruvate Mitochondrion TCA NAD+ NADH ETC

32. Aerobic ATP Production Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water

33. The Three Stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation

34. Relationship Between the Metabolism of Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates

35. Control of Metabolic Pathways Table 3.2

36. Control of Bioenergetics PC + ADP C + ATP 1 Rate Limiting Enzymes 1. Creatine kinase 2. Phosphofructokinase 3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 4. Cytochrome oxidase Glycogen ATP-PC System Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate 2 Glycolysis Phosphoglyceraldehyde Glycerol Triglycerides Lactic Acid Pyruvic Acid -ox Proteins Acetyl CoA Fatty acids Amino Acids Ketone bodies C6 Urea Kerb’s Cycle C4 NADH FADH ETS 3 Table 3.2 C5 4

37. Bioenergetics %’s in each system vary • Athlete qualification • Position • Period of time within the competition • Coaching style / tactics • Sport discipline etc.

38. Running Economy Fig 20.7

39. Recovery From Exercise Metabolic Responses Oxygen debt or Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) Elevated VO2 for several minutes immediately following exercise “Fast” portion of O2 debt Resynthesis of stored PC Replacing muscle and blood O2 stores “Slow” portion of O2 debt Elevated Heart rate and breathing,  energy need Elevated body temperature,  metabolic rate Elevated Epinephrine & Norepinephrine,  metabolic rate Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

40. Metabolic Response to Exercise Short-Term Intense Exercise High-intensity, short-term exercise (2-20 seconds) ATP production through ATP-PC system Intense exercise longer than 20 seconds ATP production via anaerobic glycolysis High-intensity exercise longer than 45 seconds ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis, and aerobic systems

41. Lactate Threshold The point at which blood lactic acid suddenly rises during incremental exercise Also called the anaerobic threshold Mechanisms for lactate threshold Low muscle oxygen Accelerated glycolysis Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood Practical uses in prediction of performance and as a marker of exercise intensity

42. Cell-to-Cell Lactate Shuttle CO2 + H2O Gly/ Gly/ Glu CO2 + H2O Ox Fiber Muscle Fiber Producing Gly Gly La- La- La- La- La- CO2 + H2O Blood

43. Identification of the Lactate Threshold

44. Sources of ATP for Muscle Contraction

45. Divisions of the Nervous System

46. Properties of Muscle Fiber Types Biochemical properties Oxidative capacity Type of ATPase Contractile properties Maximal force production Speed of contraction Muscle fiber efficiency

47. Can fiber type be changed? Cross-innervation Chronic stimulation 10 Hz, 24 h/day, 56 days White to red shift Fast to slow shift

48. Alteration of Fiber Type by Training Endurance and resistance training Can result in shift from Type IIx to IIa fibers Toward more oxidative properties

49. Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fiber Type Fig 8.13

50. Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass Rate increases after 50 years of age Regular exercise training can improve strength and endurance Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss in muscle mass