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R.S. Heemskerk Supervisors: Dr. ir . M. Langelaar , Prof.dr.ir A. van Keulen

Topology optimization of Metallisation Patterns in Photo Voltaic applications Master Thesis Project. R.S. Heemskerk Supervisors: Dr. ir . M. Langelaar , Prof.dr.ir A. van Keulen. Introduction. Renewable energy sources / Reduce amount of CO2 Increasing amount of solar power

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R.S. Heemskerk Supervisors: Dr. ir . M. Langelaar , Prof.dr.ir A. van Keulen

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  1. Topology optimization of Metallisation Patterns in Photo Voltaic applicationsMaster Thesis Project R.S. Heemskerk Supervisors: Dr. ir. M. Langelaar, Prof.dr.ir A. van Keulen

  2. Introduction • Renewable energy sources / Reduce amount of CO2 • Increasing amount of solar power • Optimise the efficiency of solar cells • 0.1% improvement has an effect of 1.6 GW • Topology optimization of Metallisation Patterns in Photo Voltaic applications

  3. Contents • Solar Cell – Working Principle • Solar Cell – Optimal Design • Optimisation • Modelling • Finite element formulation • Non linear behaviour • Design Objective • Results • Conclusions and Recommendations source: www.eere.energy.gov

  4. SolarCell – WorkingPrinciple • Basedonphotovoltaic effect • Stackedlayers of silicontypicalsize 100 cm2) • Transparentcoating • Metal grid to catchelectrons • Busbar voltage Source:http://www.solarserver.com/

  5. SolarCell – Optimal Design • Changematerials • Reducinglosses • Full electrode / noelectrode • Optimizing the amount of busbars • Optimizing the distancebetween the gridlines source: www.eere.energy.gov

  6. SolarCell – Optimal Design • How to achieve an optimal design • Goal: usetopologyoptimisation

  7. OptimisationTechniques • Optimisation is about finding an optimal solution from a set of alternatives • General formulation: • Objective functions • Constraints • Sensitivity information

  8. TopologyOptimisation • In general: Optimises a materiallayoutwithin a given design space • Materialdensity as a variable • Proven to besuccessful in mechanics • Strength lies in the complete design freedom • Nevertriedonsolarcellelectrode design

  9. TopologyOptimisation c = 100 Iteration 1 Iteration 2

  10. TopologyOptimisation

  11. Finite element formulation • 2D view of the solarcell • Gridvstransparentlayer

  12. Challenges • Shading • Non-Linearbehavior • Currentcomputations • Objectivefunction • SensitivityAnalysis • How to achieve an optimal electrode design in order to get a higher efficient solar cell? • What is the best way of include the non linear behaviour? • What is the best way of defining an objective?

  13. Non LinearBehaviour • Dark current / Illuminated current density • P = U I 145.5 W/m2 0.13095W 30x30mm

  14. ComputingCurrents • 3 different methods • Averaged Voltage • Nodal voltage • Sample Points / Shapefunctions • Compared to integral of currentdensity Sample voltage current  current Averaged voltage  Averagedcurrent  current

  15. ComputingCurrents Vint

  16. Design Objective • Standard objective : • New objectiveneeded -> power • Kirchoffslaw: Conservation of charge and currents

  17. Results 30x30mm P = 121.99 W/m2 121.99/ 145.5 =83.8% Areafraction = 6.69%

  18. Results • Parameters: • Shading • Density correction • Penalty factor for shading • Method of computing the current density • Position of the busbar • Busbar voltage • Size of the design area • Amount of incoming light • Objective function • Solver

  19. Results – single busbar 15x15mm 15x15mm P = 130.43 W/m2 Areafraction = 3.2% 3.4x15mm P = 135.6371 W/m2 Areafraction = 2.94 %

  20. Results – Point Connection Obj: Initialelectrode Obj: Power 30x30mm P = 124.60 W/m2 Areafraction = 5.55% 30x30mm P = 120.73 W/m2 Areafraction = 6.65% 30x30mm P = 121.60 W/m2 Areafraction = 4.57%

  21. Results – busvoltage 30x30mm 0.485V 0.48V 0.49V 0.495V 0.505V 0.51V

  22. Results - Busvoltage Power as a function of the busbar voltage Optimised designs Power as a function of the busbar voltage For 7 different designs

  23. Results – 4 points source: http://www.pv-tech.org 60x60mm P = 124.60 W/m2 Areafraction = 5.56 % 120x120mm

  24. Conclusions • Topology optimisation can be used to find electrode patterns. • Voltage dependent current can be modelled in three ways • Total power as objective gives the highest output power • A lot of different parameters

  25. Recommendations • Model • Verify model, compare the design using other FEM software • Fabricate one of the designs obtained and compare • Further additions • Use finer meshes to describe the electrodes in more detail • Include busbar in the design • Price per kWh • Design robustness

  26. Thankyou

  27. Results – Illumination

  28. IncludeShading • Using electrodes decreases amount of incoming light • Transparent electrodes

  29. ComputingCurrents • Exact current • 3 different methods • Averaged Voltage • Nodal voltage • Sample Points

  30. Exponentialfunctions

  31. Research Questions • What is the best way of defining the currents? • What is the best way of defining an objective? • Voltage dependent current can be modelled in three ways • Total power as objective gives the highest output power • How to achieve an optimal electrode design in order to get a higher efficient solar cell? • Topology optimisation can be used

  32. Currentdensity / increments

  33. efficiency

  34. Increase

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