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Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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    1. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

    2. The Whole Process in a Nutshell DNA ? RNA ? Protein

    3. A. DNA vs. RNA Double strand vs. single strand Sugar – deoxyribose vs. ribose Bases – A, G, C, T vs. A, G, C, U

    4. B. Kinds of Nucleic Acids DNA – blueprints of cell, contains info on heredity (traits passed to next generation). DNA can never, ever leave the nucleus (unless the cell is replicating, but for now, it can never, ever leave the nucleus)

    5. 2. mRNA – messenger RNA, makes a copy of DNA to take out of the nucleus to a ribosome.

    6. 3. rRNA – ribosomal RNA – forms the structure of a ribosome along with proteins.

    7. 4. tRNA – transfer RNA – carries an amino acid to convert from the language of nucleic acids to proteins.

    8. C. Base Pairing 2 rings (purines) – A & G 1 ring (pyrimidines) – C, U, & T Pairing: A pairs with T C pairs with G (RNA – U pairs with A because there is no T in RNA)

    9. D. Transcription (rewriting) mRNA makes a copy of the DNA and takes it out of the nucleus and to a ribosome. When converting to RNA, follow RNA pairing rules: G A C T T G (DNA) C U G A A C (mRNA)

    10. E. Translation Translation = from language of nucleic acids to language of proteins. mRNA is read by a ribosome in groups of 3 bases (3 bases = codon). tRNA comes into ribosome carrying an amino acid on one end and an anticodon on other end. The amino acids of successive tRNAs are bonded into a protein.

    12. Amino Acids 61 of 64 codons = an amino acid AUG = start of protein or methionine UAA, UAG, or UGA = stop (ribosome lets go, end of protein)

    13. Another Movie! DNAi – Reading the code and putting it together

    14. F. Mutations (oops!) 1. Changes in DNA due to UV radiation or chemicals.

    15. Missense – DNA still codes for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right one. GGG CCC ? GGT CCC (DNA) CCC GGG ? CCA GGG (mRNA) pro – gly ? pro – gly (amino acid)

    16. b. Nonsense – change in sequence that codes for STOP, making a short nonfunctional protein AAT CAG ? ATT CAG (DNA) UUA GUC ? UAA GUC (mRNA) leu – val ? STOP (amino acid)

    17. c. Deletion – losing one nucleotide or more. GGC TAG CCC ? GGT AGC CC(DNA) CCG AUC GGG ? CCA UCG GG(mRNA pro – iso – gly ? pro – ser – gly (amino acid)

    18. d. Duplication – insertion of extra (duplicated) bases TGA AAT ? TGA TGA TGA AAT(DNA) ACU UUA ? ACU ACU ACU UUA(mRNA thr – leu ? thr – thr – thr – leu (amino acid)

    19. DNA ? Protein practice http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/

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