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Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 22.6 Types of RNA 22.7 Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA 22.8 The Genetic Code 22.9 Protein Synthesis: Translation. Types of RNA. Protein Synthesis.

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Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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  1. Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 22.6 Types of RNA 22.7 Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA 22.8 The Genetic Code 22.9 Protein Synthesis: Translation

  2. Types of RNA

  3. Protein Synthesis • The processes involved in protein synthesis involve the formation of mRNA from DNA (transcription) and the conversion by tRNA to protein (translation).

  4. Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA In transcription: • A section of DNA containing the gene unwinds. • One strand of DNA is copied starting at the initiation point, which has the sequence TATAAA. • An mRNA is synthesized using complementary base pairing with uracil (U) replacing thymine (T). • The newly formed mRNA moves out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

  5. RNA Polymerase • During transcription, RNA polymerasemoves along the DNA template in the 3’-5’direction to synthesize the corresponding mRNA. • The mRNA is released at the termination point.

  6. mRNA Processing • The DNA of eukaryotes contains exons that code for proteins along with introns that do not. • The initial mRNA called a pre-RNA includes the noncoding introns. • While in the nucleus, the introns are removed from the pre-RNA. • The exons that remain are joined to form the mRNA that leaves the nucleus with the information for the synthesis of protein.

  7. Removing Introns from Pre-mRNA

  8. Regulation of Transcription • A specific mRNA is synthesized when the cell requires a particular protein. • In feedback control, the end products speed up or slow the synthesis of mRNA. • In enzyme induction, high levels of a reactant induces the transcription process to provide the necessary enzymes for that reactant.

  9. Lactose Operon and Repressor • The lactose operon consists of a control site and the genes that produce mRNA for lactose enzymes. • When there is no lactose in the cell, a regulatory gene produces a repressor protein that prevents the synthesis of lactose enzymes. • The repressor turns off mRNA synthesis.

  10. Lactose Operon Turned Off

  11. Lactose Operon and Inducer • When lactose is present in the cell, some lactose combines with the repressor, which removes the repressor from the control site. • Without the repressor, RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of the enzymes by the genes in the operon. • The level of lactose in the cell induces the synthesis of the enzymes required for its metabolism.

  12. Lactose Operon Turned On RNA Polymerase

  13. Lac Operon • Lactose Operon Movie • http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cbbc/courses/movies/LacOperon.html

  14. The Genetic Code The genetic code: • Is found in the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA. • Is a triplet of bases called codons along the mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid. • Contains different codons for all 20 amino acids needed to build a protein. • Contains certain codons that signal the “start” and “end” of a polypeptide chain.

  15. The Genetic Code: mRNA Codons

  16. Codons and Amino Acids • Suppose we want to determine the amino acids coded for in the following section of a mRNA. 5’—CCU —AGC—GGA—CUU—3’ • According to the genetic code, the amino acids for these codons are CCU = Proline AGC = Serine GGA = Glycine CUU = Leucine • The mRNA section codes for the amino acid sequence of Pro—Ser—Gly—Leu

  17. tRNA Activation • Each tRNA has a triplet called an anticodon that complements a codon on mRNA. • A synthetase uses ATP hydrolysis to attach an amino acid to a specific tRNA. . Anticodon

  18. Initiation and Translocation • Protein synthesis begins when a mRNA attaches to a ribosome. • On the mRNA, the start codon (AUG) binds to a tRNA with methionine. • The second codon attaches to a tRNA with the next amino acid. • A peptide bond forms between the adjacent amino acids at the first and second codons. • The first tRNA detaches from the ribosome and the ribosome shifts to the adjacent codon on the mRNA (translocation).

  19. Termination • After a polypeptide with all the amino acids for a protein is synthesized, the ribosome reaches the the “stop” codon: UGA, UAA, or UAG. • There is no tRNA with an anticodon for the “stop” codons. • Therefore, protein synthesis ends. • The polypeptide is released from the ribosome and is ready to function as an active protein.

  20. Protein synthesis. • DNA words are three letters long. • http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/22/concept/index.html

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