Annotated Bibliography

1. Annotated Bibliography Created by Staci Defibaugh ESL 501 Spring 2012

2. What is a bibliography? • A bibliography is a list of sources that you used (or will use) as references when writing an essay. Each entry in a bibliography is a ‘citation’ or a ‘full citation’ which includes: the name of the author and the source and publication information. Bibliographies are often called “References” or “Works Cited.”

3. Example Bibliography Mufwene, S. (1994). On the status of auxiliary verbs in Gullah. American Speech,69, 58–70. Jones-Jackson, P.A. (1984). On Decreolization and Language Death in Gullah. Language in Society, 13 (3), 351-362. Pargman, S. (2004). Gullah duh and periphrastic do in English dialects: Another look at the evidence. American Speech, 79 (1), 3-32. Taylor, M. & Ouzts, D. (2001). Gullah: A study of language. Reading Improvement, 39 (2), 55-68. Turner, L.D. (1949). Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

4. What is an annotated bibliography? An annotation is a note of explanation or a comment. An annotated bibliography includes the citation (just like a bibliography) but add ‘notes’ of additional information about the source.

5. Purpose • A way to organize your research • Quick reference guide • Summaries of all sources in one place • Allows you to critically analyze sources • Does it fit within your frame of research? • Is it a reliable source? • Makes creating your Bibliography/Reference Page easy

6. Essential Components • Full Citation (based on the required citation style) • Summary: 3-4 sentences stating the thesis and main points of the source • Explanation of Relevancy: 3-4 sentences about how this source helps answer the research question • *Analysis of the reliability of the source: 1-2 sentences stating why this source is reliable or not • *Note: this section is not always included in an Annotated Bibliography but will be required for this class

7. Bibliography vs. Annotated Bibliography Bibliography/ Reference page Annotated Bibliography • Includes only full citation (the reference information: author, year, title, publication information, etc) • Must be included with any essay/ paper that uses outside sources • Usually titled, “References” or “Works Cited” • Includes the reference information (full citation) & information about the article: summary and evaluation • Does not get submitted with your essay/ paper • Used as a tool in the research process

8. Example Hopper, R. & Drummond, K. (1993). Back channels revisited: Acknowledgement tokens and speakership incipiency. Research on Language and Social Interaction,26 (2),157-177. This article attempts to categorize different back channeling responses, namely ‘yeah’, ‘mm’ and ‘hm’ into separate functional responses. Although all function in a way to signal that the speaker should continue speaking ‘yeah’ provides an additional signal that the listener agrees with the speaker. ‘Mm’ and ‘hm’ both signal that the listener may not be in agreement with the speaker, but he/she is willing to allow the speaker to continue, with either the hope of the speaker explaining better (‘mm’) or with a signal that suggests that the listener is preparing to initiate a turn once the current speaker is finished. Since I am looking at how listeners signal that they want a turn to speak, I think this will be helpful for me. I want to see if, and how, back channels during a speaker turn can help someone self-select as next speaker. It would be interesting to see if the use of these 3 backchannels function differently in gaining next speaker turns. If yeah does function differently, we may see ‘yeah’ used less often to gain a turn, than ‘mm’ and ‘mm hm.’ Since there have not been many studies that specifically focus on the relation of backchannels and next speakership, this may provide some background information that will help distinguish the different back channel responses with this function. This is a reliable source. The authors are experts in their field, the study is based on empirical data, and the journal that the article was published in is well known in the field of Linguistics.

9. Citation Hopper, R. & Drummond, K. (1993). Back channels revisited: Acknowledgement tokens and speakership incipiency. Research on Language and Social Interaction,26 (2), 157-177. This article attempts to categorize different back channeling responses, namely ‘yeah’, ‘mm’ and ‘hm’ into separate functional responses. Although all function in a way to signal that the speaker should continue speaking ‘yeah’ provides an additional signal that the listener agrees with the speaker. ‘Mm’ and ‘hm’ both signal that the listener may not be in agreement with the speaker, but he/she is willing to allow the speaker to continue, with either the hope of the speaker explaining better (‘mm’) or with a signal that suggests that the listener is preparing to initiate a turn once the current speaker is finished. Since I am looking at how listeners signal that they want a turn to speak, I think this will be helpful for me. I want to see if, and how, back channels during a speaker turn can help someone self-select as next speaker. It would be interesting to see if the use of these 3 backchannels function differently in gaining next speaker turns. If yeah does function differently, we may see ‘yeah’ used less often to gain a turn, than ‘mm’ and ‘mm hm.’ Since there have not been many studies that specifically focus on the relation of backchannels and next speakership, this may provide some background information that will help distinguish the different back channel responses with this function. This is a reliable source. The authors are experts in their field, the study is based on empirical data, and the journal that the article was published in is well known in the field of Linguistics.

10. Summary Hopper, R. & Drummond, K. (1993). Back channels revisited: Acknowledgement tokens and speakership incipiency. Research on Language and Social Interaction,26 (2),157-177. This article attempts to categorize different back channeling responses, namely ‘yeah’, ‘mm’ and ‘hm’ into separate functional responses. Although all function in a way to signal that the speaker should continue speaking ‘yeah’ provides an additional signal that the listener agrees with the speaker. ‘Mm’ and ‘hm’ both signal that the listener may not be in agreement with the speaker, but he/she is willing to allow the speaker to continue, with either the hope of the speaker explaining better (‘mm’) or with a signal that suggests that the listener is preparing to initiate a turn once the current speaker is finished. Since I am looking at how listeners signal that they want a turn to speak, I think this will be helpful for me. I want to see if, and how, back channels during a speaker turn can help someone self-select as next speaker. It would be interesting to see if the use of these 3 backchannels function differently in gaining next speaker turns. If yeah does function differently, we may see ‘yeah’ used less often to gain a turn, than ‘mm’ and ‘mm hm.’ Since there have not been many studies that specifically focus on the relation of backchannels and next speakership, this may provide some background information that will help distinguish the different back channel responses with this function. This is a reliable source. The authors are experts in their field, the study is based on empirical data, and the journal that the article was published in is well known in the field of Linguistics.

11. Explanation of Relevance Hopper, R. & Drummond, K. (1993). Back channels revisited: Acknowledgement tokens and speakership incipiency. Research on Language and Social Interaction,26 (2), 157-177. This article attempts to categorize different back channeling responses, namely ‘yeah’, ‘mm’ and ‘hm’ into separate functional responses. Although all function in a way to signal that the speaker should continue speaking ‘yeah’ provides an additional signal that the listener agrees with the speaker. ‘Mm’ and ‘hm’ both signal that the listener may not be in agreement with the speaker, but he/she is willing to allow the speaker to continue, with either the hope of the speaker explaining better (‘mm’) or with a signal that suggests that the listener is preparing to initiate a turn once the current speaker is finished. Since I am looking at how listeners signal that they want a turn to speak, I think this will be helpful for me. I want to see if, and how, back channels during a speaker turn can help someone self-select as next speaker. It would be interesting to see if the use of these 3 backchannels function differently in gaining next speaker turns. If yeah does function differently, we may see ‘yeah’ used less often to gain a turn, than ‘mm’ and ‘mm hm.’ Since there have not been many studies that specifically focus on the relation of backchannels and next speakership, this may provide some background information that will help distinguish the different back channel responses with this function. This is a reliable source. The authors are experts in their field, the study is based on empirical data, and the journal that the article was published in is well known in the field of Linguistics.

12. Analysis of Reliability Hopper, R. & Drummond, K. (1993). Back channels revisited: Acknowledgement tokens and speakership incipiency. Research on Language and Social Interaction,26 (2),157-177. This article attempts to categorize different back channeling responses, namely ‘yeah’, ‘mm’ and ‘hm’ into separate functional responses. Although all function in a way to signal that the speaker should continue speaking ‘yeah’ provides an additional signal that the listener agrees with the speaker. ‘Mm’ and ‘hm’ both signal that the listener may not be in agreement with the speaker, but he/she is willing to allow the speaker to continue, with either the hope of the speaker explaining better (‘mm’) or with a signal that suggests that the listener is preparing to initiate a turn once the current speaker is finished. Since I am looking at how listeners signal that they want a turn to speak, I think this will be helpful for me. I want to see if, and how, back channels during a speaker turn can help someone self-select as next speaker. It would be interesting to see if the use of these 3 backchannels function differently in gaining next speaker turns. If yeah does function differently, we may see ‘yeah’ used less often to gain a turn, than ‘mm’ and ‘mm hm.’ Since there have not been many studies that specifically focus on the relation of backchannels and next speakership, this may provide some background information that will help distinguish the different back channel responses with this function. This is a reliable source. The authors are experts in their field, the study is based on empirical data, and the journal that the article was published in is well known in the field of Linguistics.

13. Evaluating Annotated Bibliographies Read the following entries and evaluate the effectiveness of each section. Make notes of what could be added or changed to improve the entry.

14. Example 1 Deutsch, S. (2003). Barbie: The First Thirty Years. 2nd ed. Paducah, KY: Collector Books. In the book, Deutsch makes a case that Barbie’s influence is global, and not limited only to the United States, or even to the western world. Deutsch accomplishes this by providing details about multicultural Barbies, which look, dress, and even speak in ways that make them appealing to children of many nations. The purpose of her argument is to prove that Barbie has achieved world wide importance, in order to demonstrate her increased value as a collector’s item. Deutsch is writing primarily to collectors of Barbie dolls, and ironically, it seems that she is writing to American collectors, since collectors in other countries are already aware that Barbie has become more globally popular. Although I do think that I could use the information that proves Barbie has become more pervasive throughout the world in order to support an argument about the global significance of Barbie’s controversial influence, this book doesn’t really address any controversial aspects of Barbie.

15. Example 2 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (2006). Do increased portion sizes affect how much we eat? Research to Practice Series, 1-4. This article mainly argues that the increased portion sizes increase the amount we eat. By distinguishing the concepts of portion size and serving size, the author shows us that the sizes of a portion of food are continually increasing nowadays. More than ten studies are cited in this article to demonstrate that people will more or less eat a larger amount of food if the portion sizes increase. This article is helpful to me because I’m looking at the unhealthy eating styles of American people. The author has clearly explained that people will eat more with the increasing portion sizes because they seldom care about the serving sizes. The experiments cited in the article can also be used to illustrate the solution of my research problem. This article is reliable because the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity are authority organizations, and more than ten experiments powerfully enhance the reliability of the result of this study.

16. Example 3 Rosen, Jeffrey. The end of obscenity." The New Republic July 1996: 6-7. In this article, Rosen talks about the Internet and the overturn of the Communications Decency Act. He believes the Philadelphia judges who overturned this Act deserve credit for enumerating the possibility of one person corrupting cyberspace with obscenities, but they did not take into account that the public are the ones who decipher what is considered to be obscenity. This article is useful to our research because it has to do with language on the Internet and the censorship of it. This article appears in a professional publication that targets readers concerned with law and the government.

17. Thesis For the Following Papers • Example #1: The Mattel Barbie has negatively effected both the role of self esteem of women on a global scale. • Example #2: In order to achieve a decrease in the percentage of Obese Americans, national education policies promoting healthy eating styles are needed. • Example #3: Given the increasing amount and influence of social media in today’s world, the government needs to create stricter censorship laws in order to protect American youth from being negatively impacted.