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Birds

Birds. Specialized Bird Features. Wings Feathers Mating Asserting dominance Regulation of body temperature Camouflage Countershading Flight. Specialized Bird Features. Bones Pneumatization. Specialized Bird Features. Beaks Feet Number of toes Size Talons/lack of talons

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Birds

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  1. Birds

  2. Specialized Bird Features • Wings • Feathers • Mating • Asserting dominance • Regulation of body temperature • Camouflage • Countershading • Flight

  3. Specialized Bird Features • Bones • Pneumatization

  4. Specialized Bird Features • Beaks • Feet • Number of toes • Size • Talons/lack of talons • Webbed

  5. Feathers • Modified scales • Extension of dermis • Primaries • Long, found at the tip of the wing • Allow for lift during flight • Secondaries • Shorter, near middle of wing • Retrices • Tail feathers

  6. Skin • Thin and loose • Uropygial gland • Secretes oil used to preen feathers

  7. External Features • Crown • Nape • Beak (upper and lower) • External nares • External auditory meatus • Breast • Abdomen • Limbs • Upper – wings, specialized for flight • Lower – specialized for walking upright and perching • Hallux (back toe/heel) • Tail (with feathers)

  8. Skeletal Adaptations • Sternum • Enlarged to support muscles used for flight • Synsacrum • Fused lower vertebrae and sacrum/coccyx

  9. Muscle adaptations for flight • Pectoralis; Supracoracoideus

  10. Digestive System Organs • Same similar organ structure and order as other vertebrates

  11. Digestive System • Crop • At the base of the esophagus • Food storage • Proventriculus: “true stomach” • Site of chemical digestion • Gizzard • After the “true stomach” to break down and mix food with digestive enzymes

  12. Respiratory Adaptations • Air sacs extend from the lungs • Syrinx • Lower end of the trachea • Contains internal membranes • Produces bird calls

  13. Respiratory Adaptations • Air sacs: • Increase amount of air available • More oxygen for higher metabolism

  14. Heart and the Circulatory System • Endothermic • 4 chambered heart • Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits

  15. Circulatory System

  16. Heart

  17. Excretory System • Simplified • Kidneys • Uric acid for excretion • Lack of urinary bladder

  18. Reproductive System • Simplified reproductive system • Male • Tesis– oval shaped, above kidneys • Female • One ovary • Left side • Both lead to cloaca

  19. Reproduction • Internal fertilization • Females can store sperm for later fertilization • Will release eggs from the ovary sporadically • Some species possess a calcified shell – chickens • Amniotic egg • Amnion • Chorion • Allantois • Yolk sac

  20. Amniotic Egg

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