The United Nations

1. The United Nations Main Aims: Tolerance and friendship among all nation, racial or religious groups. Maintenance of peace DR SYED HUSSAIN SHAHEED SOHERWORDI

2. When did it begin? • The United Nations is made up of 192 countries from around the world. It is often called the UN. • It was set up in 1945, after the Second World War, as a way of bringing people together and to avoid further wars. • It started with 51 countries. Germany did not join until 1973.

3. INTRO The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

4. BACKGROUND States first established international organizations to cooperate on specific matters. The International Telecommunication Union was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Both are now United Nations specialized agencies.

5. In 1899, the first International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902.

6. HISTORY In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States, in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states.

7. Dumbarton Oaks Conference The Dumbarton Oaks Conference or, more formally, the Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization was an international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders. The conference was held at Dumbarton Oaks from August 21, 1944 through October 7, 1944.

8. The discussions at the conference regarding the make-up of the United Nations included which states would be invited to become members, the formation of the United Nations Security Council, and the right of veto that would be given to permanent members of the Security Council.

9. YALTA CONFERENCE 1945 The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the February 4–11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, Prime MinisterWinston Churchill, and General SecretaryJoseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization.

10. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, the Crimea. It was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Harry S. Truman in place of the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill — himself replaced mid-point by the newly elected Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

11. GERMANY DURING WW2

12. BERLIN FOUR ZONES

13. YALTA KEY POINTS Key points of the meeting are as follows: Agreement to the priority of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war, Germany and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones. Stalin agreed that France might have a fourth occupation zone in Germany and in Austria but it would have to be formed out of the American and British zones. Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification.

14. The status of Poland was discussed. It was agreed to reorganize the communist Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland that had been installed by the Soviet Union "on a broader democratic basis." The British leader pointed out that the UK "could never be content with any solution that did not leave Poland a free and independent state". Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland, but forestalled ever honoring his promise. Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to participate in the United Nations. Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and brought to justice.

15. SAN FRANCISCO CONFERENCE 1945 The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, California. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements. The convention resulted in the creation of the United Nations Charter, which was opened for signature on 26 June.

16. THE UN The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories.

17. What does the UN do? • The UN aims to ensure that people don’t suffer from hunger and homelessness. • It has a special section called Unicef that tries to help children. • The UN has a convention on children's rights. They would like it to be followed by all countries, as a set of rules about the treatment of children.

18. Why is it important to have an organisation that is bigger than any one country? • Stops governments mistreating people • Helps stop wars between countries • Looks after all the world's young people

19. CHARTER OF THE UN • PREAMBLE • WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

20. WE THE PEOPLE OF THE UN • to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and • to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and • to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and • to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

21. AND FOR THESE ENDS • to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and • to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and • to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and • to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

22. HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS • Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, • have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.