A shift to the coast – Bournemouth (UK), Spain and Australia

1. A shift to the coast – Bournemouth (UK), Spain and Australia What is coastalisation? What has caused coastalisation to happen? And what problems can it create? How has Bournemouth’s, Spain’s and Australia’s coastalisation developed?

2. Did you know? • 3 billion people live within 100km of the coast • Two thirds of our largest cities are within 60km of the sea • Coastal population densities are usually 80 people/km2 – 50% more than inland areas • These can rise up to 1000+ in the Nile and Ganges Deltas

3. Coastalisation • Coastalisation is the ‘movement of people to coastal areas’ . • These people require more homes and jobs. • In attractive areas this can lead to conflict as some people are concerned about environmental degradation. • People are more at risk from erosion and rising sea level in coastal locations.

4. Where are people concentrated?

5. Australia

6. Spain

7. Florida

8. Factors that have led to coastalisation • Use 3 different colours for Australia, Spain and Florida to get started… Human factors Physical factors Coastalisation

9. Can the current rate of coastalisation be maintained?

10. The coastal magnet

11. Why is the coastal zone so favoured for development?There are many physical factors(topography, relief and climate) as well as human factors too. • Equable climate –Temperatures near the coast do not vary as much as inland. Water’s specific heat capacity is much higher than the land. It takes more heat energy (and time) to warm up and water cools slowly. So coastal places are cooler in the Summer than inland places and warmer in the Winter. eg Greek Islands, Florida, Spanish Costas • Flat, fertile land – is available in coastal areas, especially where rivers flow across their floodplains and out to sea, so it is attractive for building settlements. Alluvium deposited by the rivers in these locations is rich in nutrients so provides good farmland for generating a secure food supply. eg Cairo, Egypt.

12. Building materials – stone, wood etc allow settlement construction. • Sheltered inlets and natural harbours (which may be an upland coastline) and estuaries– shelter ships and provide suitable land for docks. eg Hong Kong, Pireaus. Larger settlements develop to accommodate the shipping trade like warehousing, processing and commerce. Some ports like Southampton handle the liners for cruise holidays. • Flood/storm protection- mangroves/reefs are a natural form of coastal protection so people feel safe to live there. eg Caribbean • Opportunities for aesthetic enjoyment – sea views provide tranquility and a pleasant environment to build a home or spend a day eg Dorset’s Jurassic Coast

13. Recreation/tourism-Coastal areas are popular destinations for tourists. Water based recreation is fashionable eg kite surfing. Coral reefs, sand dunes and beaches draw people in large numbers. Golf courses are frequently found at the coast eg. Spanish Costas • Employment opportunities in all sectors of the economy primary, secondary and tertiary. • Potential for fishing – Some settlements have grown around the fishing industry. Food security is vital. Eg Tolo. However, overfishing is problematic. Mangrove swamps are being cleared for the prawn industry. Fish farming in controlled conditions is also popular. • Aquaculture – shellfish, such as cockles and mussels, provide a great food source for humans and wading birds! eg Morecombe Bay, UK • Industry – coastal locations give access to water for cooling for industries like power stations. The sand and gravel industry also provides jobs in coastal locations.

14. Accessibility/Transport – coastal access allow easy access for trade. • Power – Tidal power is clean and renewable. The wind is also often stronger at the coast so wind power is efficient here too. • Biodiversity – coastal ecosystems are often brimming with wildlife. Conservation is undertaken on significant stretches of the coast.

15. Timeline of coastal development

16. Task Read pages 162-168 Pearson and pages 210-215 Philip Allan. This powerpoint is also available on the blog.... ‘Why are people concentrated in coastal areas?’ 10 marks

17. Coastalisation in the UK • Have a look at the article entitled ‘The seaside resort: a British cultural export’

21. Coastalisation in the UK: Bournemouth Where is Bournemouth? What is it like?

22. Bournemouth is the largest city in Dorset, in the SW of the UK. • Census info - population • 1851- 695 people (village) • 2001 – 163,600 (city) • 2011 – 168,100 (city) • Growth of 6.4% 1995-2005

23. Why so much growth? • Not natural increase – births exceed deaths so there is a natural decrease in population • Inward migration – mainly over 50 year olds from all over the UK!

24. Why are they attracted to Bournemouth? • Climate – higher sunshine hours and milder winters • High environmental quality – nice attractive environment near World Heritage coast • Accessibility – amenities and only 2 hours by train from London Q Which do you think is the most important reason and why?

25. Traditional?

33. Modern?

36. The growth of Bournemouth

37. Growth of service sector ECONOMIC BOOM • There has been an increase in the number of jobs in the service sector in Bournemouth – banking, finance and tourism • In 1999 – 14 889 worked in banks etc , growth to 18300 in 2003 • Barclays Bank has an IT centre and Abbey life also have offices These are all FOOTLOOSE Attractions • Land is available for development (council has also granted planning permission) • University provides skilled graduates • Easy access to London and other European Cities via local airport • Wages are lower than in SE England especially London • House prices are lower than in most of the SE so people can afford to buy property there

38. RETIREMENT BOOM • What is the retirement boom? • Bournemouth’s population is ageing! • Many people come to retire from the SE and downsize their property to release their money to invest it. • The city has many facilities for the elderly eg residential homes, clubs, bingo etc • BUT ... • Bournemouth does retain its young people! • The University has expanded • And Bournemouth has a great night life!

39. The future for Bournemouth? • Victorian buildings are now surrounded by 20th century houses. • Coastal squeeze – the city is now squeezed between the sea on one side and rural areas inland. • There is a greenbelt around the city. • 99% of residential property is expected to be built on brownfield sites (18,000 new homes) • The seafront has been redeveloped • Many old hotels have been converted into flats or student accommodation

40. Plenary • Can places such as Bournemouth become ‘over-developed’? • What is the likely future for coastal areas such as Bournemouth?

41. Tourist model

42. Give reasons for the decline of many British seaside resorts

43. How can the management of seaside resorts bring about their revival

44. TASKS – Bournemouth • What are the main physical and human attractions that make Bournemouth a crowded coast? (10 marks) *Do not forget to include info about the economic and retirement booms* 2. Are those stronger or weaker than they were in the past? Justify your answer. 3. Where has Bournemouth developed in: • 19th Century • Early 20th Century • Later in the 20th Century • Recently? Draw a labelled sketch map to show this and shade in the different periods in different colours • Compare it with the idealised model and identify the similarities and differences • What has Bournemouth done to prepare for its future?