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Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior (Eighth Edition). Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor. Chapter 3. Terrorism, Intelligence, and ILP. Response to 9/11

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Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

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  1. Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior (Eighth Edition) Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Chapter 3

  2. Terrorism, Intelligence, and ILP • Response to 9/11 • Need to re-evaluate and structure use of intelligence in policing • Problematic implementation • Shift in mindset • Defining the role state and local law enforcement agencies play in homeland security

  3. Defining “Intelligence” • Data that has been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations • Intelligence is a product • Differing perspectives on the role of intelligence • Identify patterns and provide analysis of past events • Compel policy/decision makers to act • Prediction of future events

  4. The Intelligence Cycle • National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan • Predictive analysis derived from the discovery of hard facts, information, patterns, intelligence, and good crime analysis

  5. Fusion Centers • Clearinghouses for all potentially relevant homeland security information • Acts as a centralized host for intelligence but also allows for efficient communications and operations between agencies and jurisdictions

  6. Goals of Fusion Centers • Support the broad range of activities undertaken by a police department • Support operations that protect critical infrastructure and key resources in a given region • Help maintain public “tip lines” • Assist police executives in making better-informed decisions

  7. Criticisms of Fusion Centers and Law Enforcement Responses to Terrorism • Problems relating to information-sharing between different (local, state, federal) agencies • Expensive to operate and little tangible evidence of success • Many centers have expanded their role to include crime fighting and reduction • Violation of civil liberties

  8. Department of Homeland Security • 2002: Largest structural change to the federal bureaucracy in 55 years • Focuses on anti-terrorism efforts in the United States • Integration of many agencies (U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, U.S. Secret Service, Bureau of ATF, and others) • Created a division to analyze intelligence gathered by FBI, CIA, and other police and military agencies

  9. Four Areas of Responsibility for DHS • Border security and transportation • Emergency preparedness and response • Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures • Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection

  10. Political Violence and Terrorism • 9/11 was the first attack in the U.S. by an external enemy since WWII • Created new challenges for police at all levels • New responsibilities • Federal policing came under scrutiny

  11. Defining “Terrorism” State International Typologies of Terrorism Domestic Transnational

  12. Radical Islamic Terrorism • Rooted in post-1948 Middle-East conflict • Fundamental Islamic groups • al-Qaeda • 1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war against the “Great Satan” (The United States) • 1998: Suicide bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania kill 224 people • 2000: Suicide bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen kills 17 American sailors • 2001: Attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon kill more than 2,800 • 2011: Osama bin Laden shot and killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives

  13. “Homegrown” Islamic Terrorism • U.S. citizens and residents convert to radical extremism, plot and commit terrorist acts, or fight for the jihadist movement both inside the U.S. and in foreign countries.

  14. Recent Trends in Radical Islamic Terrorism • Use of the Internet • Method of Operation • Common Motive

  15. Right-Wing Extremism • Domestic, anti-federal government groups • Also support violence against minorities, homosexuals, and members of the U.S. government (ATF, IRS)

  16. Hate Crimes • Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose motivation derives primarily from hatred directed at an actual or perceived characteristic of the victim • Legal definitions vary • Federal statute: 18 U.S.C. section 245 • Race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation

  17. Ecoterrorist and Extremist Animal Rights Groups • “Single-issue” groups • Earth Liberation Front (ELF) • Typically attacks “low-level” targets • Farmers, bulldozers, ski lifts • Animal Liberation Front (ALF) • Typically attacks more significant targets • Breeding companies, universities

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