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Constructing Arguments

Constructing Arguments. C H A P T E R F I V E. Celine Gacad | Fabian Mejia | Madie Vicman. How to begin. 1. Examine the issue carefully and research accordingly. 2. Consider specific factors for each case: a. The rhetorical situation : consider the audience and circumstances

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Constructing Arguments

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  1. Constructing Arguments C H A P T E R F I V E Celine Gacad | Fabian Mejia | MadieVicman

  2. How to begin 1. Examine the issue carefully and research accordingly. 2. Consider specific factors for each case: a. The rhetorical situation: consider the audience and circumstances b. The goals for argument: What’s your purpose? i. Remember that you are trying to achieve social cooperation rather than defeating opponents. c. The medium: documents that follow different conventions d. Define your terms i. Clarify essential terms without overcomplicating or oversimplifying ii. Purpose: eliminates misunderstandings

  3. Consider Your Audience 1. Identify your audience a. What do you know about your audience’s interests/views/knowledge? b. Use your knowledge of the audience to define your topic in a manner In which your audience can connect 2. Make concessions a. address what you think is your audience’s most pressing concerns b. It’s okay to concede to your opponent’s points 3. Understand your audience’s expectations a. purpose: allows you to choose the most effective evidence to support your claim b. remember: it is one thing to focus on an issue and another to mislead c. be aware of cultural contexts

  4. Types of Structures Classical Arrangement Rogerian Argument Introduction: urge audience to consider the issue Background: provide information so audience understands issue Proposition: state the position you are taking and why Proof: cite evidence to support main ideas Refutation: anticipate and refute opposing views Conclusion: summarize the most important points and present the final appeal Introduction: state the problem you hope to resolve Opposing Views: neutrally state views of opposition Understanding: recognize that there are some conditions in which you would share views Position: the readers should be ready to listen now that you have considered different views Context: show your position has merit in specific context, much like opponent Benefits: appeal to self-interest of those who do not already share your views

  5. Types of Structures Logical Arrangement Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Gives probable support to its conclusion Things to remember: What evidence should you use? In what order should you present the evidence? How much evidence is enough? “Inductive Leap”: when you stop citing evidence and move to your conclusion INTERPRET YOUR EVIDENCE Gives logically conclusive support to its conclusion Things to remember: Deductive reasoning is stronger than inductive reasoning It is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false

  6. Types of Structures: Toulmin Model Simply.. State your claim Support with data Include your warrant warrant: the assumption that connects the claim and data, usually a fundamental value or belief that is shared between writer and audience.

  7. Evidence • Consider.. • What specific claims and/or warrants am I making that will need supporting evidence? • What kinds of evidence are available for those claims or warrants? • Where can I find such evidence? • What expectations will my audience have for the evidence I present? • Have I included sufficient evidence for my audience? • Does the kind of evidence I have included make sense for the claims that I am making?

  8. Are these good pieces of evidence?

  9. Is this a good piece of evidence?

  10. Language • Diction: word choice • Will the audience understand the terms? • Will the audience expect any specific terms to be used? • Figurative language: captures attention of audience and enhances argument • Sentence structure: format of ideas • Rhythm: flow of ideas • Tone: attitude of text • Is the overall tone likely to offend the audience? • Does the tone reflect the purpose and main ideas of the passage?

  11. Sources • Toulmin Model: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/305/toulmin_model.htm • Bug image: http://dipasdailydumplings.blogspot.com/2011/02/entomophagy-visual-facts.html • Fun Fact image: http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mbjjt1KuZX1qmlqnpo1_500.png • The Working Week: http://thecurrentmoment.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/working-week.png

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