British Imperialism on India

1. British Imperialism on India Juliana Vassallo Mr. Tracy MWH3

2. Overview • Britain had been trading with India for centuries • Officially under British rule in 1858 • “Jewel of the Crown” • Queen Victoria wanted India for its benefits • Claimed herself Empress of India in 1877 • India given independence on Aug 15, 1947 Click for table of contents

3. THE JOURNEY • Core 1 • Motives for Imperialism • Economic • Ideological • Methods of Imperialism • British East India Company • Ways of Control • Core 2 • Impact of Imperialism • Gaining Independence • Primary Source • Outcome of Imperialism • India Today • Politically • Economically • Gapminder Charts <<Click any hyperlinked words>>

4. Economic • Natural resources • Tea, salt, cotton cloth • Size and location of India • Fueled development of democratic institutions, education, and economic infrastructure

5. Social Darwinism • Indian interests subjugated by Britain under racial sentiments • Term named after Charles Darwin • British naturalist and geologist • Contributed to evolution theory • Survival of the fittest • British right to overtake India • Power belongs to the white man <<Click for Methods of Imperialism

6. British East India Company • Founded in 1600 • Started by Queen Elizabeth I • 1750s-waged war extended from Ganges valley to Delhi • Established military dominance • 50 years subdued remaining Indian states • Conquered or forced rulers to become subordinate allies • Ended in 1858

7. Ways of Control Indirect Direct Taxes Legal codes and new court system Outlawed Hindu rituals Banned public meetings Military force and dominance • Exercise of determinative and exclusive political control by B.E.I.C • Most governance of regions by traditional Indian rulers • Allowed European administrators to efficiently supervise management of large amount of people

8. Conclusion for Methods and Motives • Relationship started with the BEIC • Would offer Britain many valuable resource • Show that white men have the power • Put restriction on Indian lifestyles

9. Gaining Independence • 1858-India comes under direct rule of the British crown after failed India mutiny • 1885-Indian National Congress founded as forum for emerging nationalist feeling • 1920-22-Nationalist figurehead Mahatma Gandhi launches anti-British civil disobedience campaign • 1942-43- Congress launches “Quit India” movement • 1947-End of British rule and partition of subcontinent into mainly Hindu India and Muslim-majority state of Pakistan <<Click any hyperlinked years>>

10. The Beginning of the Raj • Established in 1858—ending century long control by East India Company • Indian Mutiny • 2 years of life and death struggle • Cost Britain £ 36 million • Marked nature of political, social and economic rule • Social segregation lasting until the end of Raj

11. Indian National Congress • Formed in 1885 • All India, secular political party • Regarded as key turning point in formalizing opposition to the Raj • Developed from elite intellectual middle-class confines, and a moderate, loyalist agenda • Often dominated by factionalism and opposing political strategies • Non-violence vs. violence • Remarkable in achieving broad consensus over the decades

12. Gandhi & Civil Disobedience (1869-1948) Mahatma Gandhi Civil Disobedience Policy practiced by Gandhi Active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power Gandhi still wanted it after Amritsar Massacre • Leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India • Jailed for conspiracy (1922-24) • 1930- Salt March • 1946- Negotiated with Cabinet Mission which recommended new constitutional structure. • Tried to stop the Hindu-Muslim conflict in Bengal • Policy led to his assassination in Delhi by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic • Heavily influenced Jawaharlal Nehru <<Click for Boycotts of British Goods <<Click hyperlinked words for more info on certain topics>>

13. Mahatma Gandhi Non-violence Speech This video is about Gandhi’s non-violence speech in 1925. Gandhi describes the new requirements of the British government. He also expresses that even whenthe British try to hurt him, he will not fight back violently or kill anyone. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEEZsocrm0A Go back

14. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) • Indian nationalist leader and statesman • First prime minister of independent India (1947) • Joined Indian National Congress in 1919 • 1920s & 1930s Nehru was repeatedly imprisoned for civil disobedience • 1928-Elected president of Congress • WWII- Recognized as Gandhi's successor • Played central role in negotiations over independence • Opposed Muslim League's insistence on division of India based on religion Nehru (left) with Gandhi (right) Returns to Gandhi & Non-violence

15. Amritsar Massacre • April 13, 1919 • A peaceful crowd entered the heart of the city of Amritsar • British commander banned public meetings • He ordered his men to open dire (killing 379 injuring 1,100) • Responsible for Gandhi’s rise to fame • Increased racial tensions

16. Boycotts of British Goods • July 5, 1920 • Called for the boycotts (no purchasing) of British goods • Gandhi wanted the Indians to wear only cotton grown and woven in India • People wouldn't have to purchase through the British

17. WWII & Pakistan • April 2, 1939 • War slowed efforts • Many angered by this and rebelled • Portion of Indians supported and fought with Britain in the war • Dec 15, 1932 • Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Wanted separate state for Muslims • Would call their new state "Pakistan“ • May 5, 1947 • Riots broke out between the Muslims and Hindus • Convinced Britain to split up India into two parts (India and Pakistan) • India receives independence on Aug 15, 1947 Click for Primary Source

18. Government Statement • British Government Statement: Policy In India, 1946 This primary source is a policy written by Cabinet Mission and his Excellency the Viceroy. This statement from the British government describes the process of allowing the Indian people to choose whether or not to remain with the powerful empire.

19. Political • Federal Republic • Form of government made up of a federal state with a constitution and self-governing subunits • President: Pranab Mukherjee • Vice President: Mohammad Hamid Ansari Click for Economy

20. Economy • Developing into open-market economy • Agricultural Products • Rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes, etc. • Industries • Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals • Has largest amount of poor people • However economy is growing rapidly • Estimated population= 1.27 B (2013)

21. Gapminder Charts This graph shows income/ person ($3,147) in India in 2011. Also the population total from the 1800s to 2012 which was around 1.24 B. Graph 2 shows the percentage of people who make below $2 a day which in 2010 was 69%. Also the percentage of exports (% of GDP) in 2010 which was 23%.

22. Conclusion for Impact and Outcomes • Under British rule for about 89 years • Many died in efforts towards independence • Gained independence Aug 15, 1947 • Now a Federal Republic • Economy growing rapidly • One of largest populations • British manifestation powered development of democratic institutions, education, and economic infrastructure