CHAPTER: 21 – The Revolution in Energy and Industry

1. CHAPTER: 21 – The Revolution in Energy and Industry OVERALL • By 1850, how has industrialization altered Europe?

2. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Why can it be argued that the Industrial Revolution is the most significant event since the Neolithic agricultural revolution? standard of living depth/breadth of change speed of change

3. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Why Great Britain? factors of production food labor / consumers capital transportation stability

4. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Where did the term “Industrial Revolution” come from and how did industrial growth from 1801-1831 compare with that of 1700-1760? American Revolution French Revolution

7. How does the British textile industry move away from the putting-out system? The Industrial Revolution in Britain thread shortage Hargreave’sspinning jenny Arkwright’s water frame “factor”-ies underwear wages Cartwright’s power loom orphan “apprentices”

8. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Prior to the 18th Century, what were Europe’s energy sources? muscle water wind wood charcoal / pig iron

9. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • What revolutionizes energy? coal Thomas Newcomen – steam engine James Watt – dual condenser Matthew Boulton– entrepreneur John Wilkinson – precision parts

10. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • What other industry advanced due to the steam engine? Henry Cort “puddling” coke smelting - iron

11. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Who modernizes an ancient product? Josiah Wedgewood

12. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • How is there a revolution in transportation? “steamer on wheels” Stephenson’s “Rocket” Liverpool-Manchester Railway labor demand time / smaller world

13. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • How had Britain been transformed by 1851? 2/3 coal 1/2 iron 1/2 cotton cloth 1/5 global industrial output Crystal Palace global output population boom

14. The Industrial Revolution in Britain • How did contemporaries view the new large labor force? laissez faire Thomas Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of PopulationDavid Ricardo’s iron law of wages

15. Industrialization in Continental Europe • Why are generalizations difficult to make about industrialization outside of Great Britain? head start regional / national variations

16. Industrialization in Continental Europe • What prevented continental Europe from keeping pace with Britain? Revolutionary/Napoleonic Wars Continental System technology monopoly cheaper British goods

17. Industrialization in Continental Europe • How does British technology inevitably spread? William / John Cockerill – Liege Fritz Harcourt – Ruhr Valley French luxury artisans

18. Industrialization in Continental Europe • What advantages will the continent have over Britain? tariff protection state-owned railroads government subsidies Friedrich List Zollverein economic nationalism limited liability banks Credit Mobilier

19. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How do the 18th Century “public” and “people” evolve in the new class-consciousness? middle class laborers education

20. Relations Between Capital and Labor • What are the new early industrialists like? networks pride institutionalized heredity femininity

21. Relations Between Capital and Labor • Why do historians concentrate on studying British workers before 1850? exclusivity improving conditions evolve

22. Relations Between Capital and Labor • What do Blake, Wordsworth, and the Luddites has in common? “satanic mills” “sabotage”

23. Relations Between Capital and Labor • What new condemnation will Engels introduce? The Condition of the Working Class in England capitalism / exploitation

24. Relations Between Capital and Labor • Who countered this theory? Andrew Ure Edwin Chadwick

25. Relations Between Capital and Labor • What does statistical analysis show about the standard of living for early factory workers? purchasing power real wages workweek hours diet / clothing

26. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How do factories change life for cottage industry workers? rapid pace / long hours discipline non-familial poorhouses

27. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How do workers maintain their traditional lifestyle in the larger urban factories? family units shared hours subcontractors / kinship

28. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How is child labor addressed? Robert Owen Factory Act of 1833

29. Relations Between Capital and Labor • Following child labor restrictions, how does the role of women change? separate spheres craft unions child care household imposed sexual segregation Mines Act of 1842

30. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How was the labor force divided up until 1850? agriculture domestics workshops

31. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How did English officials deal with the early labor movement? laissez faire Combination Acts of 1799 Luddites

32. Relations Between Capital and Labor • How did labor respond to this? unions / strikes Combination Acts repealed Robert Owen Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Amalgamated Society of Engineers Chartism