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Hydrocarbon Derivatives. Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters. Hydrocarbon Derivatives. These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups A functional group is a reactive group of atoms ( eg . –OH).
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Hydrocarbon Derivatives Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters
Hydrocarbon Derivatives • These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups • A functional group is a reactive group of atoms (eg. –OH)
Due to the reactivity of the functional groups, we can determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds • We also classify compounds based on these groups • We will now explore six groups of hydrocarbon derivatives
Alcohols • An organic compound containing the hydroxyl, –OH, functional group • Have the general formula of R—OH • The “R” represents the alkyl group • Example: CH3—CH2—OH
Three classes of Alcohols • Primary Alcohol (1°) – the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is only bonded to one other carbon • Secondary Alcohol (2°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms • Tertiary Alcohol (3°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbon atoms
Naming Rules • Locate the longest carbon chain (must contain the carbon attached to the –OH group.) Name the parent alkane • Replace the –e at the end of the alkane name with –ol • Number the chain so that the –OH group has the lowest number • Add a position number before the name of the root to indicate the position of the –OH group • Name and number any branches (as you would for alkanes) • Put it all together: branches + root
Try it! • Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. CH3—CH2—CH2—OH
One more... • Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—CH3 | OH
Ethers • An organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom • Has the general formula of R—O—R` • R and R` indicate two alkyl groups • The can be the same or different • Example: CH3—CH2—O—CH3
How do we get to this? • You can think of alcohols and ethers as derivatives of water! H—O—H Water R—O—H Alcohol R—O—R` Ether
Rules for naming Common Names • List the alkyl groups that are attached to the oxygen atom, in order of increasing length. • Place the suffix –ether at the end of the name No numbers are needed to show the location of the oxygen atom!
Try it! Name these ethers CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2 CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH3
Aldehyde • Contain a carbonyl functional group C=O • Has the general formula R-CHO • Have characteristic scents and tastes • Example – Cinnamon or Formaldehyde
Naming Aldehydes • The carbonyl group will always be on a terminal carbon, thus there is no need to give a position number • Simply name the carbon chain; drop the –e from the end and add –al; give the C=O position 1 • Add branches (if any) as you have for all others!
Try Some O HC—CH2—CH2—CH3 CH3—CH2—CH—CH || O || | CH2—CH3
Ketones • Contain the carbonyl group C=O • Has an alkyl group on either side of the C=O • General formula R-CO-R`
Naming Ketones • Find the longest carbon chain containing C=O • Number the chain so that C=O has lowest number • Drop the final –e from the alkane name and add –one • Name and add branches as you would for alkanes
Try These O CH3—CH2—CH2—C—CH3 CH3—CH—C—CH2—CH2—CH3 | CH3 || O ||
Carboxylic Acids O • Contain a carboxyl group —C—OH • General formula of R—COOH • Polar molecules • Soluble in water • Have high MP and BP ||
Naming Carboxylic Acids • Name the parent alkane; drop the –e at the end of the alkane name and add –oic acid • Carboxyl group is always given position one (no need to state this!) • Name any branches as we do for alkanes
Try some O CH3—C—OH CH3—CH—CH2—C—OH | CH3 || O ||
Esters • Derivatives of carboxylic acids • Contains the functional group —C—O— • General formula RCOOR` • Example: CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 O || O ||
Naming Esters • Choose the main part of the ester, containing the C=O group. Name this as the parent acid. • Replace the –oicacid with –oate • Name the second part of the ester as an alkyl group • Put them together – alkyl group + parent acid
CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 We would name this methyl propanoate O || Alkyl Group Parent acid
Try One CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3 O ||