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Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Hydrocarbon Derivatives. Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters. Hydrocarbon Derivatives. These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups A functional group is a reactive group of atoms ( eg . –OH).

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Hydrocarbon Derivatives

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  1. Hydrocarbon Derivatives Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters

  2. Hydrocarbon Derivatives • These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups • A functional group is a reactive group of atoms (eg. –OH)

  3. Due to the reactivity of the functional groups, we can determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds • We also classify compounds based on these groups • We will now explore six groups of hydrocarbon derivatives

  4. Alcohols

  5. Alcohols • An organic compound containing the hydroxyl, –OH, functional group • Have the general formula of R—OH • The “R” represents the alkyl group • Example: CH3—CH2—OH

  6. Three classes of Alcohols • Primary Alcohol (1°) – the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is only bonded to one other carbon • Secondary Alcohol (2°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms • Tertiary Alcohol (3°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbon atoms

  7. Naming Rules • Locate the longest carbon chain (must contain the carbon attached to the –OH group.) Name the parent alkane • Replace the –e at the end of the alkane name with –ol • Number the chain so that the –OH group has the lowest number • Add a position number before the name of the root to indicate the position of the –OH group • Name and number any branches (as you would for alkanes) • Put it all together: branches + root

  8. Try it! • Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. CH3—CH2—CH2—OH

  9. One more... • Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—CH3 | OH

  10. Ether

  11. Ethers • An organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom • Has the general formula of R—O—R` • R and R` indicate two alkyl groups • The can be the same or different • Example: CH3—CH2—O—CH3

  12. How do we get to this? • You can think of alcohols and ethers as derivatives of water! H—O—H Water R—O—H Alcohol R—O—R` Ether

  13. Rules for naming Common Names • List the alkyl groups that are attached to the oxygen atom, in order of increasing length. • Place the suffix –ether at the end of the name No numbers are needed to show the location of the oxygen atom!

  14. Try it! Name these ethers CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2 CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH3

  15. Aldehydes

  16. Aldehyde • Contain a carbonyl functional group C=O • Has the general formula R-CHO • Have characteristic scents and tastes • Example – Cinnamon or Formaldehyde

  17. Naming Aldehydes • The carbonyl group will always be on a terminal carbon, thus there is no need to give a position number • Simply name the carbon chain; drop the –e from the end and add –al; give the C=O position 1 • Add branches (if any) as you have for all others!

  18. Try Some O HC—CH2—CH2—CH3 CH3—CH2—CH—CH || O || | CH2—CH3

  19. Ketones

  20. Ketones • Contain the carbonyl group C=O • Has an alkyl group on either side of the C=O • General formula R-CO-R`

  21. Naming Ketones • Find the longest carbon chain containing C=O • Number the chain so that C=O has lowest number • Drop the final –e from the alkane name and add –one • Name and add branches as you would for alkanes

  22. Try These O CH3—CH2—CH2—C—CH3 CH3—CH—C—CH2—CH2—CH3 | CH3 || O ||

  23. Carboxylic Acids

  24. Carboxylic Acids O • Contain a carboxyl group —C—OH • General formula of R—COOH • Polar molecules • Soluble in water • Have high MP and BP ||

  25. Naming Carboxylic Acids • Name the parent alkane; drop the –e at the end of the alkane name and add –oic acid • Carboxyl group is always given position one (no need to state this!) • Name any branches as we do for alkanes

  26. Try some O CH3—C—OH CH3—CH—CH2—C—OH | CH3 || O ||

  27. esters

  28. Esters • Derivatives of carboxylic acids • Contains the functional group —C—O— • General formula RCOOR` • Example: CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 O || O ||

  29. Naming Esters • Choose the main part of the ester, containing the C=O group. Name this as the parent acid. • Replace the –oicacid with –oate • Name the second part of the ester as an alkyl group • Put them together – alkyl group + parent acid

  30. CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 We would name this methyl propanoate O || Alkyl Group Parent acid

  31. Try One CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3 O ||

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