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The Silk Road and China and Southeast Asia

The Silk Road and China and Southeast Asia. HIST 1007 11/25/13. The Silk Road. Silk? Road?. Not just a single road – Networks Not just a single commodity Standard of Ur – Lapis Road. Han Empire (202BCE-220CE). Zhang Jian. Han General

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The Silk Road and China and Southeast Asia

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  1. The Silk Road and ChinaandSoutheast Asia HIST 1007 11/25/13

  2. The Silk Road

  3. Silk? Road? • Not just a single road – Networks • Not just a single commodity • Standard of Ur – Lapis Road

  4. Han Empire (202BCE-220CE)

  5. Zhang Jian • Han General • 128BCE – Expedition beyond Tarim Basin, Taklamakan Desert, and Tian Shan mountains

  6. Zhang Jian • Ferghana Valley • Alfalfa, wine grapes, pistachios, walnuts, pomegranates, sesame, coriander, and spinach. • Horses!

  7. The Silk Road • Turkmen and the Bactrian Camel • Soghdia • Parthian Empire (r. 247BCE-225CE) • Silk Road or Horse Road?

  8. But Why Silk? • Silk Diplomacy • Sumptuary Laws • Invest – “to clothe”

  9. Silk Road and Islam • Conversion of the Turks • Qarakhanids (r. 840-1212)– Steppe Turks who converted to Islam, conquer Samanids • Encourage conversion of the Turks • Shakyh Ahmad al-Yasavi (d. 1166) – Naqshbandi Sufi who spread Islam among nomadic peoples of modern Kazakhstan Mausoleum of Ahmad al-Yasavi, Turkestan, Kazakhstan

  10. Islam on the Steppes • Islam as part of popular identity • Islam not a part of social organization • Family, clan, confederation (horde) • Urban centers saw state organized religion • Syncretism • Sufis replace shaman • Jinn replace spirit gods • Quranic amulets • Poets and storytellers preserve older traditions

  11. Islam on the Steppes • Islamic identity used to reinforce membership in coalition • Golden Horde or Ulus of Jochi (1240s-1502) • Uzbek Khan (r. 1313-1340): Makes Islam official religion • 15th century – breakdown of Golden Horde • Uzbek and Kazakh “nations” • Tatars – Muslim Volga Bulgars and Qipchaqs • 16th-18th centuries – Russian conquest and colonization, forced conversion 15th century Tatar mosque in Kasimov, Russia

  12. Shaybanid Empire (r. 1500-1598) • Turko-Persian empire? • Uzbek ruling family • Persian administration • Islamic religious institutions • Turkic uymaqs • Centered on control of Silk Road trading entrepots (Bukhara, Samarqand, etc.) • Khalifat al-rahman – Lieutenant of the Merciful God • Imam al-zaman – Ruler of the Age Muhammad Shaybani (r. 1500-1510) and his yurt

  13. Shaybanid Empire • Decline of the steppe • SafavidShi’ism vs. ShaybanidSunnism and Naqshbandism • Loss of trade with Iran • Russian expansion on the steppe • Loss of trade with Russia, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia • European maritime trade in Indian Ocean and China • Loss of European market for overland trade • Uymaqindependence • Return of Central Asian city-states

  14. Eastern Turkestan • Tarim Basin • Chagatay Khanate (r. 1225-1687) – Muslim, but held nominal authority • Khwajas – Sufi masters who claim descent from Muhammad and Chinggiz Khan • 15th century – mosques and Muslim communities appear along trade routes deep into China • Travels with Turkic languages Id Kah Mosque, Kashgar, China

  15. Islam and Buddhism • Dzungarian Confederation – Tibetan Lamaist Buddhist Oirat Mongols • 1368 – End of Mongol rule in China • Mongols pushed out of China • Buddhist Oirats and Muslim Chagatay compete in Tarim Basin • 1759 – China invades Tarim Basin in order to pacify frontier Buddhist inscriptions in Almaty, Kazakhstan

  16. Islam in China • 8th century – Arab officials and merchants in Canton • Yuan Dynasty (r. 1271-1368) – importation of Muslim administrators from greater Mongol world • Primarily settled in northwestern China, along Silk Road routes • Separate independent Muslim quarters under shaykh al-Islam and Muslim judges Great Mosque of Xian, oldest mosque in China, built in 742

  17. Is Islam an Ethnicity? • Ming Dynasty (r. 1368-1644) • Attempt to establish Chinese identity after Mongol rule • Hui – Chinese Muslims • Assimilated foreign Muslims • Chinese converts to Islam • Adoption of Chinese language, names, manners, clothes, etc. • Reconcile Islam with Confucianism and Chinese culture Jinjue Mosque (Pure Enlightenment Mosque), Nanjing, China, built by the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398)

  18. The Indian Ocean

  19. Blue and White Pocelain

  20. Monsoons Highly predictable Seasonal shifts in winds

  21. Sailing the Indian Ocean Arab Dhow Chinese Junk Ming era junk shown in comparison to contemporary Spanish caravel.

  22. Decentralization and Cooperation Swahili Coast Aden Gujarat and Malabar Coast Malacca

  23. Trade and the Spread of Islam

  24. Southeast Asia before Islam • Rice agriculture • Indian Ocean trade • Small kingdoms built on control of agricultural land • Cultural influence from India, including Hinduism and Buddhism • Srivijaya Kingdom (r. 650-1377) – controls Malacca Straits, master of maritime trade to China Borobudur, Buddhist Temple Java, Indonesia

  25. Trade and Religion • 1400-1700 – Indian Ocean trade spreads universalist religions throughout SE Asia • Islam – Indonesia and Malaysia • Confucianism – Vietnam • Buddhism – Mainland SE Asia • Christianity – Philippines Angkor Wat, Cambodia

  26. Spread of Islam • Difficult to identify • 1292 – Marco Polo reports Muslim community in Sumatra • 1297 – tomb of Sultan Malik al-Salih in Perlak • 1345-46 – Ibn Battuta visits Muslim community in Samudra • ca. 1400 – Iskander Shah (Parameswara) founds Sultanate of Malacca Palace of Malacca Sultans

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