Adlai Stevenson

1. Adlai Stevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II(/ˈidle/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was "more moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in Chicago."[2] Stevenson was defeated in a landslide by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. In 1956 he was again the Democratic presidential nominee against Eisenhower, but was defeated in an even greater landslide. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the election of 1960, but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. After his election, President Kennedy appointed Stevenson as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. He served from 1961 to 1965, dying on July 14, 1965, in London after suffering a heart attack.

2. The Liberal Wing of the Democratic Party • Consistently liberal positions on domestic/foreign issues • Championed a vigorous role for Government • Social programs • More in favor of dialogue with the Soviet Union than solely containment • Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) • Joseph Rauh • Eugene McCarthy • Orville Freeman • Adlai Stevenson Eleanor Roosevelt

4. Richard M. Nixon • Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. • Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated Hubert Humphrey. • He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. • The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81.

5. Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller(July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the 41stVice President of the United States (1974–77) under PresidentGerald Ford, and as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–73). He also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt regarding Latin America and Dwight Eisenhower regarding welfare programs. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector, as well as administrator of Rockefeller Center. Rockefeller, a Republican, was often considered politically liberal and progressive,[1] or in other cases moderate. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just prior to the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue. In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his replacement, only the second vice president to be appointed under the provisions of the 25th Amendment, Ford having been the first. However, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President Ford, marking his retirement from politics.

6. Barry Goldwater Barry Morris Goldwater(January 1, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was an American politician and businessman who was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–65, 1969–87) and the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 election. Despite losing the election by a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.[2] Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. 5] Goldwater's conservative campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate[6] and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent DemocratLyndon B. Johnson, bringing down many conservative Republican office-holders as well. Jeff Fishel says, "The conservative faction of the party was on the defensive as a result of the magnitude of the election losses."[7]

7. The Fault Lines in the Republican Party The Eastern Establishment • Wall Street Community • Major Investment banks • Major law firms • Republican Old Guard Henry Cabot Lodge • Liberal wing of the Republican party • Edward Brooke (MA); Jacob Javits (NY); Thomas Keating (NY); Clifford Case (NJ); Thomas Kuchel (CA); • Nelson Rockefeller America First Governor Knowland of California Senator Jenner of Indiana Senator Bricker of Ohio

8. 1960 Primary Strategy (Democrats) Kennedy • Organization, Organization, Organization • Continue to build on national reputation • Establish credibility via the Democratic primaries (7/16—New Hampshire, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Oregon, and…) • **Wisconsin • ***West Virginia • Meet the religious issue head-on • Overtures to the liberal wing • Richardson Dilworth Other Democrats • Humphrey • Similar strategy to Kennedy • Johnson; Symington • Deadlocked convention • Stevenson • Background as Democratic standard bearer, party leader, iconic liberal, • Sentimental favorite

10. Primary Strategy (Republicans) Nixon Other Republicans • Nelson Rockefeller withdrew in Dec 1959, concluding Nixon had the regular party delegates sewed-up • No significant effort mounted by Goldwater

11. James Reston James Barrett Reston (November 3, 1909 – December 6, 1995), nicknamed "Scotty", was an American journalist whose career spanned the mid-1930s to the early 1990s. He was associated for many years with The New York Times. After working briefly for the Springfield, OhioDaily News, he joined the Associated Press in 1934. He moved to the London bureau of The New York Times in 1939, but returned to New York in 1940. In 1942, he took leave of absence to establish a U.S. Office of War Information in London. Rejoining the Times in 1945, Reston was assigned to Washington, D.C., as national correspondent. In 1948, he was appointed diplomatic correspondent, followed by bureau chief and columnist in 1953. • In subsequent years, Reston served as associate editor of the Times from 1964 to 1968, executive editor from 1968 to 1969, and vice president from 1969 to 1974. He wrote a nationally syndicated column from 1974 until 1987, when he became a senior columnist. During the Nixon administration, he was on the master list of Nixon political opponents. • Reston retired from the Times in 1989. • Reston interviewed many of the world's leaders and wrote extensively about the leading events and issues of his time. He interviewed President John F. Kennedy immediately after the 1961 Vienna summit with Nikita Khrushchev on the heels of the Bay of Pigs invasion. Stephen Kinzer's 2013 book The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War portrayed Reston as a key contact of former CIA chief Allen Dulles and that he had collaborated with the CIA in Operation Mockingbird, in which the CIA sought to influence global reporting and journalism

12. The 1960 Conventions Democrats • Los Angeles • Organization • Communications • Candidates • Humphrey’s bid at ended in West Virginia • Johnson & Symington sidelined awaiting a deadlock • Tremendous outpouring of sentiment for Adlai Stevenson • U2 incident • Eugene McCarthy’s nominating speech • 2 and done • Kennedy’s first round victory • Wyoming • Kennedy chooses LBJ for VP Republicans • Chicago • Draft Rockefeller movement • Rockefeller Panel Reports • Informed position papers on contemporary issues—both foreign and domestic • “The Pact of 5th Avenue” • Rockefeller declines Vice-Presidential spot • Nixon chooses Henry Cabot Lodge for VP

13. Choices for Vice President LBJ (Democrats) Henry Cabot Lodge (Republicans) The South

14. Political Oratory: Eugene McCarthy’s Nominating Speech of Adlai Stevenson , 1960 Democratic Convention

15. The Pact of 5th Avenue 22 July 1960, on the eve of the Republican convention, at Rockefeller’s Manhattan Apartment. Previous discussions had reconciled Nixon & Goldwater Almost complete turnaround by Nixon in discussions with Rockefeller • Federal intervention to stimulate the economy • Federally sponsored medical program for the aged • A strong civil rights plank • Repeal of right-to-work laws under Taft-Hartley Conservatives term this the “Surrender of 5th Avenue,” and Goldwater regards Nixon as untrustworthy

16. Political Parties in America • Brief History • Washington warned against political conflict; and Madison In the Federalist Paper 10 counselled against political factionalism • Federalists (Hamilton) ultimately adapted Whig policies and emerged as the Republican Party—the Party of Lincoln • Anti-Federalist(Jefferson) (Democratic-Republican Party or Jeffersonian Republicans)Democrat-Republican split into the Whig party and the Jacksonian Democrats. The Jacksonian Democrats ultimately emerged as the Democratic Party. • Purposes • Serve as a channel for differing viewpoints/philosophies of government • Provide candidates/party platforms for primaries/elections • Centripetal counter-balance to divergent views based on economic classes; geographic regions; political philosophies • Help to formulate public policy • Educative role • Symbolic value • The importance of Parties have declined in the modern era

17. The Independent Voter in American Politics

18. The Role of Party Bosses/Political Machines“Vote Early, Vote Often” (Richard J. Daley ,Mayor of Chicago) • Some Other Party Leaders/Bosses/Political Machines • Richard J. Daley • Colonel Jake Arvey (Chicago/Cook County) • James Farley • William Green (Pennsylvania) • David Lawrence (Pittsburgh) • Carmine de Sapio (New York City) • Michael DiSalle (Ohio) • Robert Meyner (New Jersey) • Thomas Prendergast (St. Louis) • E.H. Crump (Memphis) • Jesse Unruh (California) • John Bailey; Abraham Ribicoff (CT)

19. Fact Sheet: Left-Right Continuum in American Political Life The Left: the Liberal Tradition in America (Louis Hartz) • Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. The fundamental liberal ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion for all belief systems, and the separation of church and state, right to due process, and equality under the law are widely accepted as a common foundation across the spectrum of liberal thought. • Focus on the individual as constantly changing and reshaping himself/herself • Open to new departures in outlook, philosophy and experience • Abhors ideologies—particularly those that define mankind in a certain way • Since the 1930s, without a qualifier the term "liberalism" in the United States usually refers to "modern liberalism", a political philosophy exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal and, later, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. It is a form of social liberalism, whose accomplishments include the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act in 1935, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. • According to Louis Hartz, liberalism in the United States differs from liberalism elsewhere in the world because America never had a resident hereditary aristocracy,[3] and so avoided much of the "class warfare" that swept Europe.[4]

20. Fact Sheet: Left-Right Continuum in American Political Life • American Conservatism • Political Conservatives • Small government • Low taxes • Economic Conservatives • Actually economic liberalism • Laisse-faire economy • Free market/enterprise focus • Small role for government in fiscal/monetary policy • Little regulatory oversight • Social Conservatives • Respect for traditional values and the “settled order” • Emphasis on gradual & evolutionary change rather than precipitous change • Abhorrence for revolution • Religious Conservatives • Gender issues; family issues; abortion • Legal Conservatives • Emphasis on precedence • Strict constructionalist interpretation of the Constitution • Literalism/textualism

21. Howard K. Smith • Howard Kingsbury Smith (May 12, 1914 – February 15, 2002) was an American journalist, radioreporter, televisionanchorman, political commentator, and film actor. He was one of the original Edward R. Murrow boys. In 1969, the veteran reporter became the co-anchor of the ABC Evening News, first with Frank Reynolds, then the following year with another CBS alumnus, Harry Reasoner. He began making increasingly conservative commentaries, in particular adopting a hard-line stance in support of the Vietnam War. He contrasted President Lyndon B. Johnson's decisive stance in Vietnam with the international failure to take preemptive action against Hitler.[4] During this period, his son, future ABC newsman, Jack Smith (April 25, 1945—April 7, 2004), was serving with the U.S. Army7th Cavalry Regiment in South Vietnam[7] and fought at the Battle of Ia Drang.[8] These commentaries endeared him to President Nixon, who rewarded him with a rare, hour-long, one-on-one interview in 1971, at the height of the administration's animus against major newspapers, CBS, and NBC, despite Smith's having broadcast his "political obituary" only nine years earlier. Smith remained as co-anchor at ABC until 1975, after which Reasoner anchored solo until Barbara Walters joined the broadcast a year later. Continuing as an analyst until 1979, Smith left the network as the Roone Arledge era was beginning at ABC News and full retirement age approached. Sources say that Smith was embittered over the reduction in time allowed for his commentaries and hence resigned after he criticized the revamped World News Tonight format as a "Punch and Judy show."[9]

22. The 1960 Election

23. Fact Sheet:Cycles of American Elections/Realignment • Electoral Realignmentis indicated by a change in the dominance of one major party by that of another (a Republican era ends and a Democratic one begins), or a change in the prevailing political philosophy (liberal-conservative), or both. Realignments are principally cause by shifting coalitions in the voting public • Walter Dean Burnham wrote of “cycles of American electoral politics” in which “realigning elections” occur every 30-26 years • Political historians acknowledge the following realignments: • The election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 ending Federalist Party dominance • The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 representing the triumph of the populism of a frontier democracy

24. Fact Sheet:Cycles of American Elections/Realignment • The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and the advent of the Republican Party • The election of William McKinley in 1896 representing a victory of industrialism over the agrarianism of the Democrats • The election of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 and the triumph of New Deal liberalism and social welfare • The election of Richard Nixon in 1968 signaling a new coalition of the South, the West (the Sunbelt) suburban voters, social conservatives, economic liberals -------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Reagan in 1980 • +36 years--2016

25. 1960 Election Strategy Kennedy • The O’Brien Manual • Major theme: “Let’s get this country moving again” • Economy • Defense • Science • Own youthfulness • Debates • Political base: • Unify the Democratic party • Reinvigorate the Roosevelt coalition that had dominated American politics since 1932 • Labor, farmers, white urban ethnic voters, Catholics, Afro-Americans, regaining the South because of LBJ, city & state political machines, party leaders • State/regional focus: • New England • Northeast & Mid-Atlantic • Parts of the Midwest: Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri • As large a part of the South as feasible given LBJ’s presence • Nixon • Reinforce the connection of the Nixon candidacy to the Eisenhower presidency • Emphasize Nixon’s experience and Kennedy’s lack of • Avoid debates • Strong stance against Communism—both domestic and international • Solidify the Republican base and the Republican party • Campaign in all 50 states

26. The Nixon-Kennedy Televised Debates

27. TheRole of “Image” in American Politics • Television fundamentally changed the nature of politics & elections in the modern era (Marshall McLuhan) • The shaping/projection of a candidate’s image has taken importance over the discussion of issues • Print is more suitable to ideas; Television to image • Candidates are measured primarily not against standards such as their viewpoints and experience, but on the basis of photogenic qualities • Style supplants substance • Style can also have symbolic value • Candidates are packaged as with any other product (The Selling of the President, 1968) • Advertising and Marketing approaches dominate • How do we assess the role of the internet and social media?

28. The Advisors • Nixon • Len Hall • Robert Finch • Herbert Klein • Kennedy • Jerry Bruno • Mike Feldman • John Kenneth Galbraith • Richard Goodwin • Robert F. Kennedy • Larry O’Brien • Ken O’Donnell • David Powers • Pierre Salinger • Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. • Steven Smith • Theodore Sorensen • Byron White

29. Party Influentials: Clark Clifford Clark McAdams Clifford (December 25, 1906 – October 10, 1998) was an American lawyer who served as an important political advisor to DemocraticPresidentsHarry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter. His official government positions were White House Counsel (1946–1950), Chairman of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (1963–1968), and Secretary of Defense (1968–1969); Clifford was also influential in his role as an unofficial, informal presidential advisor in various issues.[1] A successful Washington lawyer, he was known for his elite clientele, charming manners and impeccable suits.[1] In his later years, Clifford became involved in several controversies. He was a key figure in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International scandal, which led to a grand jury indictment.

30. The Economy The Role of Government The Cold War Soviet Union Communist China Education/science Civil Rights

32. The 1960 Presidential Election

35. Lou Harris Louis Harris(born January 6, 1921) is an American opinion polling entrepreneur, journalist, and author. He ran one of the best-known polling organizations of his time, Louis Harris and Associates, which conducted The Harris Poll.] Harris began working in the field of public opinion and marketing research in 1947, when he joined the Elmo Roper firm as Roper's assistant. In 1956 Harris left Roper's business and started his own firm, Harris and Associates, Inc.[2][3] The Harris firm conducted polling for political candidates. In 1960 Harris became the first presidential pollster, working for the campaign of John F. Kennedy, who was elected U.S. President that year.[3] In 1962, Harris devised a new analysis technique for CBS News to enable the television network to predict the outcome of an election based on computer analysis of voting results from a small number of "key precincts."[4] In January 1992, Lou Harris retired from Louis Harris & Associates, which had by then been owned by a corporation for some time, and formed his own company, LH Associates.[3] In 1996, the Gannett Corporation sold Louis Harris & Associates to the Gordon S. Black Corporation, which operated under the name Harris Black International before becoming a publicly traded company, Harris Interactive, in December 1999.[2] In February 2014, The Harris Poll was acquired by Nielsen. [5]

36. The Election of 2016Money & Politics The costs of the 2012 Election –both Presidential and State & Congressional races—is estimated at $7 billion

37. The Election of 2016Money & Politics (1) • Campaign finance law in the United States changed drastically in the wake of two 2010 judicial decisions : Citizens United and Speech Now. According to the Congressional Research Service, these decisions constitute “the most fundamental changes to campaign finance law in decades.” • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): The Court struck down on free speech grounds the limits on the ability of organizations that accept corporate or union money from running electioneering communications. The Court upheld its limitations on individual contributions to political campaigns (Buckley v. Valeo, 1976), but ruled these limitations did not apply to corporate donations to independent organizations. • Speech Now (2010): the Court declared unconstitutional limits on donations to organizations that only made “independent” expenditures—i.e., expenditures “uncoordinated” with an individual candidate’s campaign. Both of these decisions led to the rise of “independent expenditure only” Political Action Committees or “Super PACs.” This is the so-called “dark money” in American politics.

38. The Election of 2016Money & Politics (2) Background • Campaign financing laws/regulations govern the amounts that can be contributed and the level of disclosure these contributions require • Campaign financing laws can change based on the nature of the election—federal, state or local • Four sources of campaign funds: small contributors; large individual contributors; political action committees; and self-financing candidates • Political Action Committees (PACs) • Connected PACs • Non-connected PACs • Leadership PACs • Super PACs • 501C(4) Organizations • 527 Organizations • Bundlers History • Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) • Buckley v. Valeo (1976) • Bipartisan Campaign reform Act (2002) also known as the Mc Cain-Feingold Act

39. Citizen Koch The Koch family(/ˈkoʊk/KOKE) is an American family engaged in business and philanthropy, most noted for their political activities and control of Koch Industries, the second-largest privately owned company in the United States (with 2013 revenues of $115 billion).[1] The family business was started by Fred C. Koch, who developed a new cracking method for the refinement of heavy crude oil into gasoline.[2][3] Fred's four sons litigated against each other over their interests in the business during the 1980s and 1990s.[4] Charles and David Koch have been active in American politics since at least 1980, when David Koch was the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential nominee. Their political contributions began to attract widespread attention from media outlets in 2008, when, through their family foundations, the brothers contributed to 34 political and policy organizations, three of which they founded, and several of which they directed.[13] They have since organized a network of libertarian and conservative donors, candidates, think tanks, and other groups. They, and their political allies, have been described as a rival to the "establishment" wing within the Republican Party, and have expressed frustration with establishment candidates running in the 2016 Presidential election.[14][15] As an example of their influence, Jane Mayer noted House Speaker John Boehner's appeal to David Koch in 2011 when Boehner needed votes to prevent a government shutdown.[16]

40. Bibliography: 1960 Election Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1987 ________________, Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1990 David Broder, The Party’s Over (new York: Harper & Row), 1971 Gary A. Donaldson, The First Modern Campaign (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), 2007 Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1984 David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Fawcett), 1993 Kenneth P. O’Donnell and David F. Powers, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye” (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1972 Nelson Polsby and Aaron Wildavsky, Presidential Elections (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), 2004 Nelson Rockefeller, Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports (New York: Doubleday, 1961 Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency(New York: Harvest Books), 1956 _____________, Parties and Politics in America (New York: Cornell University), 1960 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days (New York: Fawcett Books), 1965 ______________________, Kennedy of Nixon (New York:Macmillan Company), 1960 Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row), 1965 Theodore K. White, The Making of the President 1960 (New York: New American Library), 1961 Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes (New York: Signet Books), 1971 ________, The Kennedy Imprisonment (Boston: Little, Brown), 1981